Title Practical residual stress measurement methods / edited by Gary S. Schajer

Published Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : Wiley, 2013

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Description 1 online resource Contents 880-01 Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.1.1. Character and Origin of Residual Stresses / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.1.2. Effects of Residual Stresses / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.1.3. Residual Stress Gradients / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.1.4. Deformation Effects of Residual Stresses / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.1.5. Challenges of Measuring Residual Stresses / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.1.6. Contribution of Modern Measurement Technologies / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.2. Relaxation Measurement Methods / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.2.1. Operating Principle / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.3. Diffraction Methods / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.3.1. Measurement Concept / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.3.2. X-ray Diffraction / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.3.3. Synchrotron X-ray / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.3.4. Neutron Diffraction / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.4. Other Methods / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.4.1. Magnetic / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.4.2. Ultrasonic / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.4.3. Thermoelastic / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.4.4. Photoelastic / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.4.5. Indentation / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.5. Performance and Limitations of Methods / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.5.1. General Considerations / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.5.2. Performance and Limitations of Methods / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 1.6. Strategies for Measurement Method Choice / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.6.1. Factors to be Considered / Clayton 0. Ruud / Gary S. Schajer -- 1.6.2. Characteristics of Methods / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- References / Gary S. Schajer / Clayton 0. Ruud -- 2.1. Introduction / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.1.1. Introduction and Context / Gary S. Schajer / Philip S. Whitehead -- 2.1.2. History / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.1.3. Deep Hole Drilling / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.2. Data Acquisition Methods / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.2.1. Strain Gages / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.2.2. Optical Measurement Techniques / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3. Specimen Preparation / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3.1. Specimen Geometry and Strain Gage Selection / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3.2. Surface Preparation / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3.3. Strain Gage Installation / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3.4. Strain Gage Wiring / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.3.5. Instrumentation and Data Acquisition / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4. Hole Drilling Procedure / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4.1. Drilling Cutter Selection / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4.2. Drilling Machines / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4.3. Orbital Drilling / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4.4. Incremental Measurements / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.4.5. Post-drilling Examination of Hole and Cutter / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5. Computation of Uniform Stresses / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.1. Mathematical Background / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.2. Data Averaging / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.3. Plasticity Effects / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.4. Ring Core Measurements / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.5. Optical Measurements / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.5.6. Orthotropic Materials / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.6. Computation of Profile Stresses / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.6.1. Mathematical Background / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.7. Example Applications / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.7.1. Shot-peened Alloy Steel Plate -- Application of the Integral Method / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.7.2. Nickel Alloy Disc -- Fine Increment Drilling / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.7.3. Titanium Test-pieces -- Surface Processes / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.7.4. Coated Cylinder Bore -- Adaptation of the Integral Method / Gary S. Schajer / Philip S. Whitehead -- 2.8. Performance and Limitations of Methods / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.8.1. Practical Considerations / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.8.2. Common Uncertainty Sources / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 2.8.3. Typical Measurement Uncertainties / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- References / Philip S. Whitehead / Gary S. Schajer -- 3.1. Introduction and Background / David J. Smith -- 3.2. Basic Principles / David J. Smith -- 3.2.1. Elastic Analysis / David J. Smith -- 3.2.2. Effects of Plasticity / David J. Smith -- 3.3. Experimental Technique / David J. Smith -- 3.4. Validation of DHD Methods / David J. Smith -- 3.4.1. Tensile Loading / David J. Smith -- 3.4.2. Shrink Fitted Assembly / David J. Smith -- 3.4.3. Prior Elastic-plastic Bending / David J. Smith -- 3.4.4. Quenched Solid Cylinder / David J. Smith -- 3.5. Case Studies / David J. Smith -- 3.5.1. Welded Nuclear Components / David J. Smith -- 3.5.2. Components for the Steel Rolling Industry / David J. Smith -- 3.5.3. Fibre Composites / David J. Smith -- 3.6. Summary and Future Developments / David J. Smith -- Acknowledgments / David J. Smith -- References / David J. Smith -- 4.1. Measurement Principle / Michael R. Hill -- 4.2. Residual Stress Profile Calculation / Michael R. Hill -- 4.3. Stress Intensity Factor Determination / Michael R. Hill -- 4.4. Practical Measurement Procedures / Michael R. Hill -- 4.5. Example Applications / Michael R. Hill -- 4.6. Performance and Limitations of Method / Michael R. Hill -- 4.7. Summary / Michael R. Hill -- References / Michael R. Hill -- 5.1. Introduction / Adrian T. DeWald / Michael B. Prime -- 5.1.1. Contour Method Overview / Adrian T. DeWald / Michael B. Prime -- 5.1.2. Bueckner's Principle / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.2. Measurement Principle / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.2.1. Ideal Theoretical Implementation / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.2.2. Practical Implementation / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.2.3. Assumptions and Approximations / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.3. Practical Measurement Procedures / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.3.1. Planning the Measurement / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.3.2. Fixturing / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.3.3. Cutting the Part / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.3.4. Measuring the Surfaces / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.4. Residual Stress Evaluation / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.4.1. Basic Data Processing / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.4.2. Additional Issues / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.5. Example Applications / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.5.1. Experimental Validation and Verification / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.5.2. Unique Measurements / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.6. Performance and Limitations of Methods / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.6.1. Near Surface (Edge) Uncertainties / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.6.2. Size Dependence / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.6.3. Systematic Errors / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.7. Further Reading On Advanced Contour Method Topics / Adrian T. DeWald / Michael B. Prime -- 5.7.1. Superposition For Additional Stresses / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.7.2. Cylindrical Parts / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.7.3. Miscellaneous / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 5.7.4. Patent / Adrian T. DeWald / Michael B. Prime -- Acknowledgments / Adrian T. DeWald / Michael B. Prime -- References / Michael B. Prime / Adrian T. DeWald -- 6.1. Introduction / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.2. Measurement of Lattice Strain / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.3. Analysis of Regular do, vs. sin2* Data / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.3.1. Dolle-Hauk Method / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.3.2. Winholtz-Cohen Least-squares Analysis / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.4. Calculation of Stresses / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.5. Effect of Sample Microstructure / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.6. X-ray Elastic Constants (XEC) / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.6.1. Constitutive Equation / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.6.2. Grain Interaction / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.7. Examples / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.7.1. Isotropic, Biaxial Stress / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.7.2. Triaxial Stress / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.7.3. Single-crystal Strain / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.8. Experimental Considerations / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 6.8.1. Instrumental Errors / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.8.2. Errors Due to Counting Statistics and Peak-fitting / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray 880-01/(S Contents note continued: 6.8.3. Errors Due to Sampling Statistics / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- 6.9. Summary / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- Acknowledgments / Conal E. Murray / I. Cevdet Noyan -- References / I. Cevdet Noyan / Conal E. Murray -- 7.1. Basic Concepts and Considerations / Philip Withers -- 7.1.1. Introduction / Philip Withers -- 7.1.2. Production of X-rays; Undulators, Wigglers, and Bending Magnets / Philip Withers -- 7.1.3. Historical Development of Synchrotron Sources / Philip Withers -- 7.1.4. Penetrating Capability of Synchrotron X-rays / Philip Withers -- 7.2. Practical Measurement Procedures and Considerations / Philip Withers -- 7.2.1. Defining the Strain Measurement Volume and Measurement Spacing / Philip Withers -- 7.2.2. From Diffraction Peak to Lattice Spacing / Philip Withers -- 7.2.3. From Lattice Spacing to Elastic Strain / Philip Withers -- 7.2.4. From Elastic Strain to Stress / Philip Withers -- 7.2.5. Precision of Diffraction Peak Measurement / Philip Withers -- 7.2.6. Reliability, Systematic Errors and Standardization / Philip Withers -- 7.3. Angle-dispersive Diffraction / Philip Withers -- 7.3.1. Experimental Set-up, Detectors, and Data Analysis / Philip Withers -- 7.3.2. Exemplar: Mapping Stresses Around Foreign Object Damage / Philip Withers -- 7.3.3. Exemplar: Fast Strain Measurements / Philip Withers -- 7.4. Energy-dispersive Diffraction / Philip Withers -- 7.4.1. Experimental Set-up, Detectors, and Data Analysis / Philip Withers -- 7.4.2. Exemplar: Crack Tip Strain Mapping at High Spatial Resolution / Philip Withers -- 7.4.3. Exemplar: Mapping Stresses in Thin Coatings and Surface Layers / Philip Withers -- 7.5. New Directions / Philip Withers -- 7.6. Concluding Remarks / Philip Withers -- References / Philip Withers -- 8.1. Introduction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.1.1. Measurement Concept / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.1.2. Neutron Technique / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.1.3. Neutron Diffraction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.1.4. 3-Dimensional Stresses / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.1.5. Neutron Path Length / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.2. Formulation / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.2.1. Determination of the Elastic Strains from the Lattice Spacings / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.2.2. Relationship between the Measured Macroscopic Strain in a given Direction and the Elements of the Strain Tensor / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.2.3. Relationship between the Stress σi, j and Strain epsiloni, j Tensors / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3. Neutron Diffraction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.1. Properties of the Neutron / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.2. Strength of the Diffracted Intensity / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.3. Cross Sections for the Elements / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.4. Alloys / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.5. Differences with Respect to X-rays / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.3.6. Calculation of Transmission / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.4. Neutron Diffractometers / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.4.1. Elements of an Engineering Diffractometer / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.4.2. Monochromatic Beam Diffraction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.4.3. Time-of-flight Diffractometers / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5. Setting up an Experiment / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5.1. Choosing the Beam-defining Slits or Radial Collimators / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5.2. Calibration of the Wavelength and Effective Zero of the Angle Scale, 2θ0 / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5.3. Calibration of a Time-of-flight Diffractometer / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5.4. Positioning the Sample on the Table / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.5.5. Measuring Reference Samples / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.6. Analysis of Data / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.6.1. Monochromatic Beam Diffraction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.6.2. Analysis of Time-of-flight Diffraction / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.6.3. Precision of the Measurements / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.7. Systematic Errors in Strain Measurements / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.7.1. Partly Filled Gage Volumes / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.7.2. Large Grain Effects / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.7.3. Incorrect Use of Slits / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.7.4. Intergranular Effects / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.8. Test Cases / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.8.1. Stresses in Indented Discs; Neutrons, Contour Method and Finite Element Modeling / Thomas M. Holden -- 8.8.2. Residual Stress in a Three-pass Bead-in-slot Weld / Thomas M. Holden -- Acknowledgments / Thomas M. Holden -- References / Thomas M. Holden -- 9.1. Principles / David Buttle -- 9.1.1. Introduction / David Buttle -- 9.1.2. Ferromagnetism / David Buttle -- 9.1.3. Magnetostriction / David Buttle -- 9.1.4. Magnetostatic and Magneto-elastic Energy / David Buttle -- 9.1.5. Hysteresis Loop / David Buttle -- 9.1.6. Introduction to Magnetic Measurement Methods / David Buttle -- 9.2. Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) and Acoustic Barkhausen Emission (ABE) / David Buttle -- 9.2.1. Introduction / David Buttle -- 9.2.2. Measurement Depth and Spatial Resolution / David Buttle -- 9.2.3. Measurement / David Buttle -- 9.2.4. Measurement Probes and Positioning / David Buttle -- 9.2.5. Calibration / David Buttle -- 9.3. MAPS Technique / David Buttle -- 9.3.1. Introduction / David Buttle -- 9.3.2. Measurement Depth and Spatial Resolution / David Buttle -- 9.3.3. MAPS Measurement / David Buttle -- 9.3.4. Measurement Probes and Positioning / David Buttle -- 9.3.5. Calibration / David Buttle -- 9.4. Access and Geometry / David Buttle -- 9.4.1. Space / David Buttle -- 9.4.2. Edges, Abutments and Small Samples / David Buttle -- 9.4.3. Weld Caps / David Buttle -- 9.4.4. Stranded Wires / David Buttle -- 9.5. Surface Condition and Coatings / David Buttle -- 9.6. Issues of Accuracy and Reliability / David Buttle -- 9.6.1. Magnetic and Stress History / David Buttle -- 9.6.2. Materials and Microstructure / David Buttle -- 9.6.3. Magnetic Field Variability / David Buttle -- 9.6.4. Probe Stand-off and Tilt / David Buttle -- 9.6.5. Temperature / David Buttle -- 9.6.6. Electric Currents / David Buttle -- 9.7. Examples of Measurement Accuracy / David Buttle -- 9.8. Example Measurement Approaches for MAPS / David Buttle -- 9.8.1. Pipes and Small Positive and Negative Radii Curvatures / David Buttle -- 9.8.2. Rapid Measurement from Vehicles / David Buttle -- 9.8.3. Dealing with 'Poor' Surfaces in the Field / David Buttle -- 9.9. Example Applications with ABE and MAPS / David Buttle -- 9.9.1. Residual Stress in a Welded Plate / David Buttle -- 9.9.2. Residual Stress Evolution During Fatigue in Rails / David Buttle -- 9.9.3. Depth Profiling in Laser Peened Spring Steel / David Buttle -- 9.9.4. Profiling and Mapping in Ring and Plug Test Sample / David Buttle -- 9.9.5. Measuring Multi-stranded Structure for Wire Integrity / David Buttle -- 9.10. Summary and Conclusions / David Buttle -- References / David Buttle -- 10.1. Principles of Ultrasonic Stress Measurement / Don E. Bray -- 10.2. History / Don E. Bray -- 10.3. Sources of Uncertainty in Travel-time Measurements / Don E. Bray -- 10.3.1. Surface Roughness / Don E. Bray -- 10.3.2. Couplant / Don E. Bray -- 10.3.3. Material Variations / Don E. Bray -- 10.3.4. Temperature / Don E. Bray -- 10.4. Instrumentation / Don E. Bray -- 10.5. Methods for Collecting Travel-time / Don E. Bray -- 10.5.1. Fixed Probes with Viscous Couplant / Don E. Bray -- 10.5.2. Fixed Probes with Immersion / Don E. Bray -- 10.5.3. Fixed Probes with Pressurization / Don E. Bray -- 10.5.4. Contact with Freely Rotating Probes / Don E. Bray -- 10.6. System Uncertainties in Stress Measurement / Don E. Bray -- 10.7. Typical Applications / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.1. Weld Stresses / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.2. Measure Stresses in Pressure Vessels and Other Structures / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.3. Stresses in Ductile Cast Iron / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.4. Evaluate Stress Induced by Peening / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.5. Measuring Stress Gradient / Don E. Bray -- 10.7.6. Detecting Reversible Hydrogen Attack / Don E. Bray -- 10.8. Challenges and Opportunities for Future Application / Don E. Bray -- 10.8.1. Personnel Qualifications / Don E. Bray -- 10.8.2. Establish Acoustoelastic Coefficients (L11) for Wider Range of Materials / Don E. Bray -- 10.8.3. Develop Automated Integrated Data Collecting and Analyzing System / Don E. Bray -- 10.8.4. Develop Calibration Standard / Don E. Bray -- 10.8.5. Opportunities for LcR Applications in Engineering Structures / Don E. Bray -- References / Don E. Bray -- 11.1. Holographic and Electronic Speckle Interferometric Methods / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.1.1. Holographic Interferometry and ESPI Overview / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.1.2. Hole Drilling / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.1.3. Deflection / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.1.4. Micro-ESPI and Holographic Interferometry / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.2. Moire Interferometry / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.2.1. Moire Interferometry Overview / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.2.2. Hole Drilling / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.2.3. Other Approaches / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.2.4. Micro-Moire / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.3. Digital Image Correlation / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.3.1. Digital Image Correlation Overview / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.3.2. Hole Drilling / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.3.3. Micro/Nano-DIC Slotting, Hole Drilling and Ring Coring / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.3.4. Deflection / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.4. Other Interferometric Approaches / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.4.1. Shearography / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.4.2. Interferometric Strain Rosette / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.5. Photoelasticity / Drew V. Nelson Note continued: 11.6. Examples and Applications / Drew V. Nelson -- 11.7. Performance and Limitations / Drew V. Nelson -- References / Drew V. Nelson Summary "This comprehensive collection of practical residual stress measurement techniques is written by world-renowned experts in their respective fields. It provides the reader with the information needed to understand key concepts and to make informed technical decisions. Fully illustrated throughout, each chapter is written by invited specialists and presents chapters on hole-drilling and ring-coring, deep hole drilling, slitting, contour method measurements, X-ray/synchrotron/neutron diffraction, ultrasonics, Barkhausen noise and optical measurement techniques"-- Provided by publisher "Practical Residual Stress Measurements provides the reader with the information needed to understand key concepts and to make informed technical decisions"-- Provided by publisher Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Print version record and CIP data provided by publisher Subject Residual stresses. internal stress. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Quality Control. Residual stresses Form Electronic book Author Schajer, Gary S., editor LC no. 2013023550 ISBN 9781118402825 1118402820 9781118402801 1118402804 9781118402818 1118402812 9781118402832 1118402839 1299804969 9781299804968 1118342372 9781118342374

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