Table of Contents |
| Foreword | xi |
| Preface | xiii |
| Author Biographies | xv |
ch. 1 | Introduction | 1 |
1.1. | Forensic anthropology | 1 |
1.2. | History of forensic anthropology | 2 |
1.3. | Forensic anthropology today | 3 |
1.4. | Careers in forensic anthropology | 5 |
1.5. | Layout of this book | 13 |
1.6. | Summary | 15 |
1.7. | Test yourself | 16 |
| Definitions | 16 |
| References | 17 |
ch. 2 | Human Osteology and Odontology | 19 |
2.1. | Principles of human osteology and odontology | 19 |
2.2. | Bone biology | 20 |
2.3. | Bone growth and development | 22 |
2.4. | Skeletal anatomy | 24 |
2.5. | Dentition | 38 |
2.6. | Summary | 51 |
2.7. | Test yourself | 51 |
| Definitions | 51 |
| References | 53 |
ch. 3 | Skeletal Examination and Documentation Methods | 55 |
3.1. | Examination methods | 55 |
| Macroscopic analysis | 56 |
| Metric analysis | 57 |
| Radiology | 74 |
| Histology | 76 |
| Elemental analysis | 77 |
3.2. | Skeletal remains as evidence | 79 |
| Quality assurance | 80 |
| Case documentation | 80 |
| Reporting and report writing | 82 |
3.3. | Case studies | 83 |
3.4. | Summary | 85 |
3.5. | Test yourself | 86 |
| Definitions | 86 |
| References | 87 |
ch. 4 | Medicolegal Significance | 91 |
4.1. | The medicolegal context | 91 |
4.2. | Skeletal versus non-skeletal material | 92 |
4.3. | Human versus non-human skeletal material | 96 |
4.4. | Contemporary versus non-contemporary human skeletal remains | 105 |
4.5. | Other considerations in medicolegal significance | 111 |
4.6. | Case study: human or non-human? | 111 |
4.7. | Summary | 112 |
4.8. | Test yourself | 113 |
| Definitions | 114 |
| References | 115 |
ch. 5 | Forensic Taphonomy | 119 |
5.1. | Principles of forensic taphonomy | 119 |
5.2. | Decomposition and postmortem soft tissue changes | 121 |
5.3. | Postmortem skeletal changes | 125 |
5.4. | Scavenging | 127 |
5.5. | Body movement and disarticulation patterns | 133 |
5.6. | Estimating time since death | 134 |
5.7. | Additional considerations in forensic taphonomy | 139 |
5.8. | Case study - forensic taphonomy | 141 |
5.9. | Summary | 142 |
5.10. | Test yourself | 143 |
| Definitions | 143 |
| References | 145 |
ch. 6 | Forensic Archaeology and Scene Processing Methods | 149 |
6.1. | Principles of forensic archaeology | 149 |
6.2. | Recovery scenes | 150 |
6.3. | Archaeological methods and theory | 151 |
6.4. | Detection methods | 153 |
6.5. | Recovery methods | 158 |
6.6. | Scene documentation | 162 |
6.7. | Evidence collection and packaging | 171 |
6.8. | Case study - burial recovery | 171 |
6.9. | Case study - fatal fire scene | 174 |
6.10. | Summary | 175 |
6.11. | Test yourself | 176 |
| Definitions | 176 |
| References | 177 |
ch. 7 | Processing and Preparing Remains | 179 |
7.1. | Principles of skeletal processing and preparation | 179 |
7.2. | Processing methods | 180 |
7.3. | Skeletal reconstruction | 186 |
7.4. | Commingling | 187 |
7.5. | Skeletal sampling | 190 |
7.6. | Skeletal preservation | 191 |
7.7. | Case study - processing | 195 |
7.8. | Summary | 195 |
7.9. | Test yourself | 196 |
| Definitions | 196 |
| References | 197 |
ch. 8 | Sex Estimation | 199 |
8.1. | Principles of sex estimation | 199 |
8.2. | Morphoscopic (non-metric) analysis | 202 |
8.3. | Metric analysis | 213 |
8.4. | Other considerations in sex estimation | 216 |
8.5. | Case study - sex estimation | 217 |
8.6. | Summary | 218 |
8.7. | Test yourself | 219 |
| Definitions | 219 |
| References | 220 |
ch. 9 | Ancestry Estimation | 223 |
9.1. | Principles of ancestry estimation | 223 |
9.2. | Morphoscopic (non-metric) analysis | 227 |
9.3. | Craniometric analysis | 232 |
9.4. | Postcranial methods | 233 |
9.5. | Other considerations in ancestry estimation | 234 |
9.6. | Case study - ancestry estimation | 237 |
9.7. | Summary | 238 |
9.8. | Test yourself | 239 |
| Definitions | 240 |
| References | 240 |
ch. 10 | Age Estimation | 243 |
10.1. | Principles of age estimation | 243 |
10.2. | Age categories | 244 |
10.3. | Juvenile (subadult) age estimation | 246 |
| Dental methods | 246 |
| Osteological methods | 251 |
10.4. | Adult age estimation | 261 |
| Pubic symphysis | 261 |
| Auricular surface | 261 |
| Sternal rib ends | 269 |
| Histological aging methods | 269 |
| Dentition | 272 |
| General indicators of advanced age | 273 |
10.5. | Other considerations in age estimation | 275 |
10.6. | Case study: juvenile age estimation | 276 |
10.7. | Case study: adult age estimation | 277 |
10.8. | Summary | 279 |
10.9. | Test yourself | 280 |
| Definitions | 280 |
| References | 281 |
ch. 11 | Stature Estimation | 285 |
11.1. | Principles of stature estimation | 285 |
11.2. | Full skeleton methods | 285 |
11.3. | Regression methods | 287 |
11.4. | Other considerations in stature estimation | 292 |
11.5. | Case study - stature estimation | 294 |
11.6. | Summary | 296 |
11.7. | Test yourself | 296 |
| Definitions | 297 |
| References | 297 |
ch. 12 | Individual Skeletal Variation | 301 |
12.1. | Principles of skeletal variation | 301 |
12.2. | Normal skeletal variation | 302 |
12.3. | Anomalies | 305 |
12.4. | Pathological conditions | 313 |
12.5. | Repetitive activity | 331 |
12.6. | Case study - ankylosis | 332 |
12.7. | Case study - dental anomalies | 333 |
12.8. | Summary | 334 |
12.9. | Test yourself | 335 |
| Definitions | 335 |
| References | 337 |
ch. 13 | Analysis of Skeletal Trauma | 341 |
13.1. | Principles of trauma analysis | 341 |
13.2. | Forces, bone biomechanics, and fractures | 341 |
13.3. | Trauma timing | 347 |
13.4. | Trauma mechanism | 352 |
| Blunt force trauma | 352 |
| High velocity projectile trauma | 356 |
| Sharp force trauma | 360 |
| Thermal alterations | 363 |
| Blast trauma | 367 |
13.5. | Cause and manner of death | 369 |
13.6. | Case study - perimortem fall from a height | 370 |
13.7. | Case study - antemortem and perimortem pediatric trauma | 371 |
13.8. | Summary | 372 |
13.9. | Test yourself | 373 |
| Definitions | 373 |
| References | 375 |
ch. 14 | Personal Identification | 379 |
14.1. | Principles of personal identification | 379 |
14.2. | Narrowing the pool of potential matches | 380 |
14.3. | Identification comparisons | 382 |
14.4. | Quantitative approaches | 392 |
14.5. | DNA analysis | 395 |
14.6. | Facial approximation | 396 |
14.7. | Case study - radiographic comparison of foot | 398 |
14.8. | Case study - exclusion based on cranial radiographs | 398 |
14.9. | Summary | 400 |
14.10. | Test yourself | 400 |
| Definitions | 401 |
| References | 401 |
ch. 15 | Contemporary Issues in Forensic Anthropology | 405 |
15.1. | Forensic anthropology and the broader forensic community | 405 |
15.2. | Forensic anthropology in mass disaster response and disaster victim identification | 405 |
15.3. | Forensic anthropology in conflict and human rights investigations | 408 |
15.4. | Forensic anthropology and human migration routes | 411 |
15.5. | Forensic anthropology in the legal system | 414 |
15.6. | Error and uncertainty in forensic science and forensic anthropology | 418 |
15.7. | New research directions | 420 |
15.8. | Future of forensic anthropology | 422 |
15.9. | Case study - the state of Tennessee v. David William Cosgrif, III | 425 |
15.10. | Summary | 426 |
15.11. | Test yourself | 427 |
| Definitions | 427 |
| References | 428 |
| Index | 431 |