Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Author; 1. Solar Cells and Their Generations; 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. Photovoltaic Effect; 1.3. Solar Cells and Their Generations; 1.3.1. First Generation of Solar Cells; 1.3.1.1. Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Solar Cells; 1.3.1.2. Polycrystalline (Poly-c) Si Solar Cells; 1.3.2. Second Generation of Solar Cells; 1.3.2.1. Amorphous Si (a-Si) Solar Cells; 1.3.2.2. Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells; 1.3.2.3. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells; 1.3.3. Third Generation of Solar Cells
1.3.3.1. Multijunction Solar Cells Based on III-V Compound Semiconductors1.3.3.2. Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs); 1.3.3.3. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs); 1.3.3.4. Organic Solar Cells (OSCs); 1.3.4. Fourth Generation of Solar Cells; 1.3.4.1. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells; 1.3.4.2. Perovskite Solar Cells; 1.4. Performance Analysis of a Solar Cell; 1.4.1. Solar Spectrum and Irradiance; 1.4.2. Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE); 1.4.3. Incident Photon to Converted Electron (IPCE) Efficiency; 1.5. Photovoltaic Modules; 1.6. Utilization of Solar Modules for Different Applications
1.7. Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and Carbon Footprint1.8. Current State of the Art; References; 2. Degradation in Different Solar Cell Technologies; 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. How Different Solar Cells Degrade; 2.2.1. Degradation in Silicon (Si) Wafer Solar Cells; 2.2.2. Degradation in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) Solar Cells; 2.2.3. Degradation in Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells; 2.2.4. Degradation in Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells; 2.2.5. Degradation in III-V Multijunction Solar Cells; 2.2.6. Degradation in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
2.2.7. Degradation in Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)2.3. Degradation in Solar Modules; 2.3.1. Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Failure; 2.3.2. Hot-Spot Failure; 2.3.3. Encapsulant Failure; 2.3.4. Cracking of Solar Cells and Solar Modules; References; 3. Organic Solar Cells; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Organic Semiconductors; 3.2.1. Origin of Semiconducting Behavior; 3.2.2. Electrical and Optical Properties of Organic Semiconductors; 3.3. Architecture of Organic Solar Cells (OSCs); 3.3.1. Normal Geometry of OSCs; 3.3.2. Inverted Geometry of OSCs; 3.3.3. Bilayer/Planar Heterojunction Structure
3.3.4. Bulk-Heterojunction (BHJ) Structure3.3.5. Hybrid Planar-Mixed Heterojunction Structure; 3.3.6. p-i-n Structure; 3.3.7. Tandem Structure; 3.4. Materials and Processing; 3.4.1. Thermal Evaporation Technique; 3.4.2. Solution Processing; 3.4.2.1. Spin Coating; 3.4.2.2. Printing and Other Coating Processes; 3.5. Parameters That Control the Performance of OSCs; 3.5.1. Optical Losses; 3.5.1.1. Reflection Losses; 3.5.1.2. Inefficient Light Absorption; 3.5.1.3. Thermalization Losses; 3.5.1.4. Losses due to Nonuniform Optical Density Distribution; 3.5.2. Electrical Losses
