Table of Contents |
1. | A General Theory on International Human Rights Standards | 1 |
1.1. | Sources of the Law | 2 |
1.1.1. | The Quasi-legislative Process | 3 |
1.1.2. | The Interpretation of Human Rights Standards | 4 |
1.2. | Supervising the Law | 8 |
1.2.1. | International Implementation | 8 |
1.2.2. | National Implementation | 25 |
1.3. | Enforcement of the Law | 26 |
1.3.1. | International Enforcement | 26 |
1.3.2. | National Enforcement | 28 |
2. | China's Cooperation (with the International Human Rights System) | 33 |
2.1. | General | 34 |
2.2. | Conflicts | 36 |
2.3. | Recent Developments | 39 |
2.3.1. | China's Position | 40 |
2.3.2. | The EU-China Dialogue | 41 |
2.3.3. | The US-China Dialogue | 50 |
2.3.4. | UN High-Level Visits to China | 52 |
2.3.5. | China as a Member of the UNHRC | 54 |
2.4. | Concluding Remarks | 55 |
3. | The Death Penalty and International Human Rights Law | 57 |
3.1. | General | 57 |
3.2. | The ICCPR | 60 |
3.2.1. | The Right to Life | 61 |
3.2.2. | Capital Punishment | 63 |
3.3. | Optional Protocols | 79 |
3.4. | The CAT | 80 |
3.5. | The CRC | 88 |
3.6. | The CERD | 92 |
3.7. | Regional Human Rights Standards | 92 |
3.7.1. | The ECHR | 92 |
3.7.2. | The ECHR-PN6 | 93 |
3.7.3. | The ECHR-PN13 | 94 |
3.7.4. | The ACHR | 94 |
3.7.5. | The ACHR-P-DP | 96 |
3.7.6. | The ACHPR | 97 |
3.7.7. | The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) | 98 |
3.7.8. | The Arab Charter on Human Rights (ACharter) | 98 |
3.8. | The GC3, GC4, PA1 and PA2 | 99 |
3.8.1. | The GC3 | 99 |
3.8.2. | The GC4 | 100 |
3.8.3. | The PA1 | 101 |
3.8.4. | The PA2 | 102 |
3.9. | Customary International Law | 102 |
3.9.1. | Substantive Limits to Capitally Punishable Offences | 103 |
3.9.2. | Procedural Restrictions on Its Imposition | 108 |
3.9.3. | The Exemptions of Certain Categories of Persons | 114 |
3.10. | Summary | 117 |
4. | The Death Penalty: China's Practice and Policy | 119 |
4.1. | General | 119 |
4.2. | Legislation | 123 |
4.2.1. | The 1982 Constitution | 123 |
4.2.2. | Substantive Criminal Legislation on the Death Penalty | 125 |
4.2.3. | Procedural Criminal Legislation on the Death Penalty | 132 |
4.3. | Judicial Practice | 155 |
4.3.1. | The Applicable Scope | 157 |
4.3.2. | Other Substantive Issues | 160 |
4.3.3. | Ordinary Procedures for Death Sentences | 160 |
4.3.4. | Procedure for Review of Death Sentences | 163 |
4.3.5. | Procedure for Trial Supervision | 164 |
4.3.6. | The Judicial Situation of Procedural Rights | 166 |
4.4. | Conclusion | 183 |
5. | Forced Labour and International Human Rights Law | 187 |
5.1. | General | 187 |
5.2. | The ICCPR | 189 |
5.2.1. | The Scope of Prohibition of Forced Labour | 189 |
5.2.2. | Other Relevant Provisions | 194 |
5.3. | The UDHR | 195 |
5.4. | The ICESCR | 196 |
5.5. | The CMW | 197 |
5.6. | The CRC | 198 |
5.7. | The CAT | 199 |
5.8. | Subsidiary Instruments | 200 |
5.8.1. | The CLN | 200 |
5.8.2. | The SSFL | 201 |
5.8.3. | The ILO29 | 201 |
5.8.4. | The ILO100 | 203 |
5.8.5. | The ILO105 | 203 |
5.8.6. | The ILO122 | 204 |
5.8.7. | The ILO182 | 204 |
5.9. | Regional Human Rights Law | 205 |
5.9.1. | The ECHR | 205 |
5.9.2. | The ESC | 208 |
5.9.3. | The ADRDM | 209 |
5.9.4. | The ACHR | 210 |
5.9.5. | The ACHPR | 211 |
5.10. | Possible Customary International Law Concerned | 212 |
5.11. | Conclusion | 214 |
6. | Forced Labour: China's Policy and Practice | 215 |
6.1. | Introduction | 215 |
6.2. | The Chinese Policy of Forced Labour | 216 |
6.2.1. | Official Opinions on RTL and RETL | 217 |
6.2.2. | The Controversy on Both RTL and RETL | 219 |
6.3. | The Practice | 222 |
6.3.1. | The Common Constitutional Basis in Legal Practice | 222 |
6.3.2. | Practices of RTL | 225 |
6.3.3. | Practices of RETL | 230 |
6.3.4. | Reform Measures | 239 |
6.4. | Conclusion | 247 |
7. | Next Steps: China's Human Rights Strategy | 249 |
7.1. | China's Human Rights Strategy: Obstacles and Prospects | 249 |
7.1.1. | China's Inadequate Response to Human Rights Abuses | 249 |
7.1.2. | Prospects for Reform: Better Enforcement of Rights | 252 |
7.1.3. | Preparing for Ratification of the ICCPR: Filling the Gaps | 256 |
7.2. | Possible Participation in International Human Rights Treaties | 259 |
7.2.1. | Improving Human Rights Education | 259 |
7.2.2. | Promoting Human Rights Research | 262 |
7.2.3. | Increasing Human Rights Measures | 265 |
8. | Conclusion | 271 |
8.1. | Assessment of Current Approach to This Research: Advantages and Disadvantages | 271 |
8.1.1. | Advantages | 271 |
8.1.2. | Disadvantages | 274 |
8.2. | China and International Community: Towards Better Understanding and Dialogue | 276 |
8.2.1. | Towards Better Understanding Between Them | 276 |
8.2.2. | Towards Stronger Dialogue Between Them | 279 |
| Appendix | 285 |
| Bibliography | 305 |
| About the Author | 325 |