Title The crime of aggression in international criminal law : historical development, comparative analysis and present state / Sergey Sayapin

Published The Hague : Asser Press, 2014

Table of Contents
pt. I	The Internationally Wrongful Act of State
1.	Historical Background of the Criminalization of Aggression					3
1.1.	An Overview of the jus ad bellum Before World War II					8
1.1.1.	The Ancient World					8
1.1.2.	The Middle Ages					15
1.1.3.	Impact of the Napoleonic Wars and of the 1814--1815 Vienna Congress					23
1.1.4.	Carl von Clausewitz's "On War"					24
1.1.5.	Impact of the 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conferences					25
1.1.6.	Evolution of International Legal Attitudes Toward War Under the Aegis of the League of Nations					28
1.2.	Evolution of the Concept of Aggression After World War II					38
1.2.1.	Work Accomplished by the United Nations War Crimes Commission					38
1.2.2.	London Agreement of 8 August 1945 and the Charter of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal					40
1.2.3.	International Military Tribunal for the Far East					43
1.2.4.	Allied Control Council Law N2 10					45
1.2.5.	Attitudes Within the United Nations System					46
1.2.6.	Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court					56
	References					62
2.	Elements of an Act of Aggression: An Overview of Modern International Law and Practice					75
2.1.	Nature of States' Obligation to Refrain from the Threat or Use of Force in International Relations (Article 2(4) of the UN Charter)					78
2.1.1.	Treaty Obligation Under Article 2(4)					79
2.1.2.	Obligation Under Customary International Law					84
2.1.3.	Jus cogens Obligation					91
2.2.	Aggression as a Serious Breach of a Peremptory Norm of General International Law					98
2.2.1.	Aggression as a Serious Breach of an Obligation Arising Under Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations					100
2.2.2.	Attribution of Aggression to a State Under International Law					103
2.3.	Elements of an Act of Aggression Under the 1974 Definition of Aggression					104
2.3.1.	"Chapeau" of the Definition					105
2.3.2.	Examples of Acts of Aggression					106
2.3.3.	Non-Exhaustive Character of the List					107
2.3.4.	The Problem of the "First Use" of Force					108
2.3.5.	The Discretionary Power of the UN Security Council					108
2.4.	Exceptions to the Prohibition of the Use of Force					109
2.4.1.	Charter-Based Exceptions					110
2.4.2.	Charter-Related Exceptions					122
2.4.3.	Extra-Charter Exceptions					126
	References					133
pt. II	The Individual Crime
3.	International Legal Foundations of the Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression					147
3.1.	Individual Criminal Responsibility for Aggression Committed by a State					149
3.1.1.	Nuremberg Judgment					149
3.1.2.	Tokyo Judgment					161
3.1.3.	Trials Under the Control Council Law N2 10					180
3.1.4.	Draft Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind					191
3.1.5.	Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind					193
3.1.6.	The Crime of Aggression in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court					195
3.1.7.	Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression: Towards the Revival of a Legal Regime?					195
	References					196
4.	The Principal Approaches Towards the Criminalisation of Aggression at the National Level					199
4.1.	Overview of National Criminal Laws Proscribing the Crime of Aggression					202
4.1.1.	The "Nuremberg and Tokyo Model"					202
4.1.2.	The "Territorial Integrity or Political Independence Model"					207
4.1.3.	The "Objective War Model"					212
4.1.4.	The "Treason Model"					217
4.2.	Aggression as a "Leadership Crime"					222
4.2.1.	Exclusion of Lower Ranking State Agents					222
4.2.2.	Role of Political Leaders					223
4.2.3.	Role of Military Leaders					224
4.2.4.	Role of Economic Leaders					224
4.2.5.	Role of Other (Religious, Social) Leaders					225
4.3.	The corpus delicti of the Crime of Aggression Under Customary International Law: Material Elements					226
4.3.1.	The Structure of the corpus delicti of the Crime of Aggression					226
4.4.	The Qualification of "Propaganda for War" as a Separate Crime					233
4.5.	The corpus delicti of the Crime of Aggression Under Customary International Law: Mental Element					236
4.5.1.	Occupation of Another State					237
4.5.2.	Annexation of Another State					239
4.5.3.	Subjugation of Another State					239
4.5.4.	Involving Another State in War					240
4.5.5.	Conspiracy					240
4.6.	Mechanisms of Enforcement					241
4.6.1.	Indirect Enforcement (by National Courts)					243
4.6.2.	Direct Enforcement (by the International Criminal Court)					249
	References					250
5.	The Crime of Aggression in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court					253
5.1.	The Definition of the Crime of Aggression for the Purpose of the Rome Statute (Article 8 bis)					255
5.1.1.	Structure of the Rome Statute's Definition of the Crime of Aggression					256
5.1.2.	Conditions for the Entry into Force of Article 8 bis					274
5.2.	The Crime of Aggression in the Context of the "General Part" of International Criminal Law					275
5.2.1.	Nullum crimen sine lege					276
5.2.2.	Nulla poena sine lege					277
5.2.3.	Non-Retroactivity ratione personae					281
5.2.4.	Individual Criminal Responsibility					281
5.2.5.	Exclusion of Jurisdiction Over Persons Under Eighteen					288
5.2.6.	Irrelevance of Official Capacity					289
5.2.7.	Responsibility of Commanders and Other Superiors					290
5.2.8.	Non-Applicability of Statute of Limitations					292
5.2.9.	Mental Element					293
5.2.10.	Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility					293
5.2.11.	Mistake of Fact or Mistake of Law					295
5.2.12.	Superior Orders and Prescription of Law					297
5.3.	Exercise of Jurisdiction Over the Crime of Aggression					298
5.3.1.	Continued Relevance of the Principle of Complementarity					298
5.3.2.	State Referral, proprio motu (Article 15 bis)					300
5.3.3.	Security Council Referral (Article 15 ter)					311
5.4.	The Elements of Crimes for the Crime of Aggression					312
	References					314
6.	Conclusion					321
	References					326
	Index					327

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Description 1 online resource (xxii, 334 pages) : illustrations Contents Historical background of the criminalisation of aggression -- Elements of an act of aggression: an overview of modern international law and practice -- International legal foundations of the individual criminal responsibility for the crime of aggression -- The principal approaches towards the criminalisation of aggression at the national level -- The crime of aggression in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court -- Conclusion Summary Since after the Second World War, the crime of aggression is - along with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes - a?core crime? under international law. However, despite a formal recognition of aggression as a matter of international criminal law and the reinforcement of the international legal regulation of the use of force by States, numerous international armed conflicts occurred but no one was ever prosecuted for aggression since 1949. This book comprehensively analyses the historical development of the criminalisation of aggression, scrutinises in a detailed manner the relevant jurisprudence of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals as well as of the Nuremberg follow-up trials, and makes proposals for a more successful prosecution for aggression in the future. In identifying customary international law on the subject, the book draws upon a wealth of applicable sources of national criminal law and puts forward a useful classification of Stateś legislative approaches towards the criminalisation of aggression at the national level. It also offers a detailed analysis of the current international legal regulation of the use of force and of the Rome Statutés substantive and procedural provisions pertaining to the exercise of the International Criminal Court́s jurisdiction with respect to the crime of aggression, after 1 January 2017. A first monograph on the crime of aggression written by an author from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) for an international audience, the book assembles the normative experience of States representing the major legal systems of the world, and will be useful to practitioners, academics and students of international law Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Print version record Subject International Criminal Court. SUBJECT International Criminal Court fast Subject Aggression (International law) LAW -- International. Droit. Sciences sociales. Sciences humaines. Aggression (International law) International Criminal Court. Rome Statute (Rome, 17 July 1998) Aggression. International crimes. Use of force. International criminal law. Customary international law. Law. Form Electronic book ISBN 9789067049276 9067049271

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