| Description |
1 online resource (338 pages) |
| Series |
River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy |
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River Publishers series in renewable energy.
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| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Data Centre Infrastructure / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.1.1. Introduction / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.2. Main Subsystems / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.2.1. IT Equipment / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.2.2. Power System / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.2.3. Cooling System / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.3. Data Centre Archetypes / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.3.1. Function or Objective of the Data Centre / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.3.2. Size / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.3.3. Location and Surroundings / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom -- 1.3.4. Archetypes Definition / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.4. Workload Typology / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.4.1. Web Workloads / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.4.2. HPC Workloads / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.4.3. Data Workloads / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.4.4. Consumption versus Workload Typology / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.5. Redundancy Level / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.5.1. Basic Definitions / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.5.2. Tier Levels / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 1.6. Future Trends / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- References / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro -- 2.1. Working Temperature Limit / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.1.1. Impact of Server Inlet Temperature / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.1.2. Permitted Temperatures of Individual Components / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.1.3. CPU Power Management and Throttling / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.2. Environmental Conditions / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.2.1. Temperature and Humidity Requirements / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.2.2. Quality of the Room Air / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3. Power Quality / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3.1. Input Voltage within Acceptable Limits / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3.2. Input Frequency within Allowable Ranges / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3.3. Sufficient Input Power to Compensate for Power Factor / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3.4. Transfer to Backup Power Faster than PSU "Hold-up" Time / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- 2.3.5. Protection from Damaging Power Conditions / Eduard Oro / Jaume Salom / Victor Depoorter -- References / Jaume Salom / Eduard Oro / Victor Depoorter -- 3.1. About Metrics in Data Centres / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.2. Data Centre Boundaries for Metrics Calculation / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.2.1. Definition of Boundaries / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.2.2. Energy Flows / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3. Metrics for Cost-Environmental Analysis / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.1. Environmental Impact Metrics / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.1.1. Data Centre primary energy / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.1.2. Data Centre CO2 emissions / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.1.3. Data Centre water consumption / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.2. Financial Metrics / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.2.1. Methodological reference framework / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.2.2. Global cost / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.2.3. CAPEX: capital expenditure / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.2.4. OPEX: operating expenditure / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.3.3. Cost-Efficiency Analysis / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.4. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Metrics / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.4.1. Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.4.2. Renewable Energy Ratio / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.4.3. Renewable Energy Factor / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.5. Capacity Metrics / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.5.1. Introduction / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.5.2. Capacity Metrics / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.6. Examples / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.6.1. Example 1. PV System and Ice Storage / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 3.6.2. Example 2 |
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District Cooling and Heat Reuse / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- References / Albert Garcia / Jaume Salom -- 4.1. Advanced Technical Concepts for Efficient IT Management / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 4.2. Advanced Technical Concepts for Efficient Electric Power Distribution / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 4.2.1. Introduction / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 4.2.2. Modular UPS / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 4.2.3. Bypassed UPS / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 4.2.4. Enhanced UPS for Electrical Energy Storage / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- References / Eduard Oro / Albert Garcia / Mauro Canuto -- 5.1. Introduction / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.2. Free Cooling / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.2.1. Free Cooling with Direct Ambient Air / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.2.2. Free Cooling with Indirect Ambient Air / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.2.3. Seawater Air Conditioning System / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.2.4. Free Cooling with Groundwater / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.3. Increasing Allowable IT Temperatures / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.3.1. Increased White Space Temperature with Airside Cooling / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.3.2. Increased White Space Temperature with Chilled Water Cooling / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt / Nirendra Lal Shrestha -- 5.3.3. Increasing the Delta T Through the IT Equipment / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.4. Hot or Cold Aisle Containment / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.5. Variable Airflow / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.5.1. Strategy A: Pressure Difference / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.5.2. Strategy B: Actual IT load / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.5.3. Strategy C: Return Air Temperature / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6. Partial Load-Redundant or Oversized Components / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6.1. Redundant Components and Oversizing Components / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6.2. Partial Load with Chillers / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6.3. Variable Flow with Fans and Pumps / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6.4. Oversizing Dry Coolers and Cooling Towers / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt -- 5.6.5. Energy Savings and Payback Periods / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 5.7. High Energy Efficiency Components / Verena Rudolf / Thomas Oppelt / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 5.7.1. Fans and Pumps / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thomas Oppelt / Verena Rudolf / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 5.7.2. Air-Cooled Chillers / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thomas Oppelt / Verena Rudolf / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 5.7.3. Water-Cooled Chillers / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thomas Oppelt / Verena Rudolf / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 5.8. Conclusions / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thomas Oppelt / Verena Rudolf / Thorsten Urbaneck -- References / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Thomas Oppelt / Verena Rudolf / Thorsten Urbaneck -- 6.1. Introduction / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.1.1. Concepts Overview / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.1.1.1. Sankey charts analysis / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2. Description of the Proposed Advanced Technical Concepts / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2.1. Photovoltaic System and Wind Turbines with Vapour-Compression Chiller and Lead-Acid Batteries / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2.2. District Cooling and Heat Reuse / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2.3. Grid-Fed Wet Cooling Tower Without Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2.4. Grid-Fed Vapour-Compression Chiller with Electrical Energy and Chilled Water Storages / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 6.2.5. Biogas Fuel Cell with Absorption Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom |
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Note continued: 6.2.6. Reciprocating Engine CHP with Absorption Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- References / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Noah Pflugradt / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.1. Overview of Concept Performance / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.2. Concept Comparison for Selected Scenarios / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.2.1. Description of Scenarios Analysed / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3. Detailed Analysis by Advanced Technical Concept / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.1. Introduction / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.2. Concept 1. Photovoltaic System and Wind Turbines with Vapour-Compression Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.2.1. Influence of energy efficiency measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.2.2. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.2.3. On-Site renewable energy systems implementation / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.3. Concept 2. District Cooling and Heat Reuse / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.3.1. Influence of energy efficiency measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.3.2. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.3.3. Influence of the liquid cooling solution and the potential heat reuse / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.4. Concept 3. Grid-FedWet Cooling Tower without Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.4.1. Influence of energy efficiency measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.4.2. Influence of EE measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.4.3. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.4.4. On-site PV systems implementation / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.5. Concept 4. Grid-Fed Vapour-Compression Chiller with Electrical Energy and ChilledWater Storages / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.5.1. Influence of EE measures / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha -- 7.3.5.2. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.5.3. Influence of the size of TES / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.6. Concept 5. Biogas Fuel Cell with Absorption Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.6.1. Influence of EE measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.6.2. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.6.3. Influence of absorption chiller sizes and potential heat reuse / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.7. Concept 6. Reciprocating Engine CHP with Absorption Chiller / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.7.1. Influence of EE measures / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.7.2. Influence of size / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.3.7.3. Influence of absorption chiller sizes and potential heat reuse / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.4. Other Aspects Influencing Data Centre Energy Consumption / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.4.1. Influence of the IT Load Profile / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.4.1.1. Influence of the rack density, occupancy, and oversizing factors / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.5. RenewIT Tool / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- 7.6. Conclusion / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom -- References / Verena Rudolf / Nirendra Lal Shrestha / Eduard Oro / Thorsten Urbaneck / Jaume Salom |
| Summary |
The rapid increase of cloud computing, high performance computing (HPC) and the vast growth in Internet and Social Media use have aroused the interest in energy consumption and the carbon footprint of Data Centres. Data Centres primarily contain electronic equipment used for data processing (servers), data storage (storage equipment), and communications (network equipment). Collectively, this equipment processes, stores, and transmits digital information and is known as information technology (IT) equipment. Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres introduces a number of technical solutions for the supply of power and cooling energy into Data Centres with enhanced utilisation of renewable energy sources in order to achieve low energy Data Centres. Because of the high energy density nature of these unique infrastructures, it is essential to implement energy efficiency measures and reduce consumption before introducing any renewable energy source. A holistic approach is used with the objective of integrating many technical solutions such as management of the IT (Information Technology) load, efficient electrical supply to the IT systems, Low-Ex air-conditioning systems, interaction with district heating and cooling networks, re-use of heat, free cooling (air, seawater, groundwater), optimal use of heat and cold storage, electrical storage and integration in smart grids. This book is therefore a catalogue of advanced technical concepts that could be integrated into Data Centres portfolio in order to increase the overall efficiency and the share of renewable energies in power and cooling supply. Based on dynamic energy models implemented in TRNSYS some concepts are deeply evaluated through yearly simulations. The results of the simulation are illustrated with Sankey charts, where the energy flows per year within the subsystems of each concept for a selected scenario are shown, and graphs showing the results of parametric analysis. A set of environmental metrics (as the non-renewable primary energy) and financial metrics (CAPEX and OPEX) as well of energy efficiency metrics like the well-known PUE, are described and used to evaluate the different technical concepts |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index |
| Notes |
Jaume Salom, Thorsten Urbaneck, Eduard Oró |
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Print version record |
| Subject |
Data centers -- Energy consumption
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SCIENCE -- Energy.
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| Genre/Form |
Electronic books
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Urbaneck, Thorsten
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Oró, Eduard
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| ISBN |
8793519419 |
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9788793519411 |
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9781003336990 |
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100333699X |
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9781000799491 |
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1000799492 |
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9781000799354 |
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1000799352 |
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