Table of Contents |
1. | Introduction | 1 |
1.1. | Hyperbolic Spaces | 1 |
1.2. | Successive Approximations | 2 |
1.3. | Contractive Mappings | 3 |
1.4. | Infinite Products | 5 |
1.5. | Contractive Set-Valued Mappings | 7 |
1.6. | Nonexpansive Set-Valued Mappings | 9 |
1.7. | Porosity | 10 |
1.8. | Examples | 12 |
2. | Fixed Point Results and Convergence of Powers of Operators | 15 |
2.1. | Convergence of Iterates for a Class of Nonlinear Mappings | 15 |
2.2. | Convergence of Iterates of Typical Nonexpansive Mappings | 23 |
2.3. | A Stability Result in Fixed Point Theory | 29 |
2.4. | Well-Posed Null and Fixed Point Problems | 34 |
2.5. | Mappings in a Finite-Dimensional Euclidean Space | 37 |
2.6. | Approximate Fixed Points | 42 |
2.7. | Generic Existence of Small Invariant Sets | 47 |
2.8. | Many Nonexpansive Mappings Are Strict Contractions | 51 |
2.9. | Krasnosel'skii-Mann Iterations of Nonexpansive Operators | 55 |
2.10. | Power Convergence of Order-Preserving Mappings | 63 |
2.11. | Positive Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors | 72 |
2.12. | Proof of Theorem 2.48 | 75 |
2.13. | Auxiliary Results for Theorems 2.49--2.51 | 78 |
2.14. | Proofs of Theorems 2.49 and 2.50 | 83 |
2.15. | Proof of Theorem 2.51 | 85 |
2.16. | Convergence of Inexact Orbits for a Class of Operators | 87 |
2.17. | Proofs of Theorem 2.65 and Corollary 2.66 | 89 |
2.18. | Proof of Theorem 2.67 | 92 |
2.19. | Proof of Theorem 2.68 | 93 |
2.20. | Proof of Theorem 2.69 | 96 |
2.21. | Inexact Orbits of Nonexpansive Operators | 97 |
2.22. | Convergence to Attracting Sets | 100 |
2.23. | Nonconvergence to Attracting Sets | 103 |
2.24. | Convergence and Nonconvergence to Fixed Points | 106 |
2.25. | Convergence to Compact Sets | 110 |
2.26. | An Example of Nonconvergence to Compact Sets | 113 |
3. | Contractive Mappings | 119 |
3.1. | Many Nonexpansive Mappings Are Contractive | 119 |
3.2. | Attractive Sets | 121 |
3.3. | Attractive Subsets of Unbounded Spaces | 124 |
3.4. | A Contractive Mapping with no Strictly Contractive Powers | 129 |
3.5. | A Power Convergent Mapping with no Contractive Powers | 132 |
3.6. | A Mapping with Nonuniformly Convergent Powers | 134 |
3.7. | Two Results in Metric Fixed Point Theory | 136 |
3.8. | A Result on Rakotch Contractions | 144 |
3.9. | Asymptotic Contractions | 149 |
3.10. | Uniform Convergence of Iterates | 153 |
3.11. | Well-Posedness of Fixed Point Problems | 157 |
3.12. | A Class of Mappings of Contractive Type | 159 |
3.13. | A Fixed Point Theorem for Matkowski Contractions | 166 |
3.14. | Jachymski-Schroder-Stein Contractions | 170 |
3.15. | Two Results on Jachymski-Schroder-Stein Contractions | 175 |
4. | Dynamical Systems with Convex Lyapunov Functions | 181 |
4.1. | Minimization of Convex Functionals | 181 |
4.2. | Proof of Proposition 4.3 | 183 |
4.3. | Proofs of Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 | 185 |
4.4. | Examples | 188 |
4.5. | Normal Mappings | 190 |
4.6. | Existence of a Normal A ε Ac | 192 |
4.7. | Auxiliary Results | 193 |
4.8. | Proof of Theorem 4.12 | 194 |
4.9. | Proof of Theorem 4.13 | 195 |
4.10. | Proof of Theorem 4.14 | 196 |
4.11. | Normality and Porosity | 197 |
4.12. | Proof of Theorem 4.18 | 198 |
4.13. | Proof of Theorem 4.19 | 200 |
4.14. | Convex Functions Possessing a Sharp Minimum | 202 |
5. | Relatively Nonexpansive Operators with Respect to Bregman Distances | 205 |
5.1. | Power Convergence of Operators in Banach Spaces | 205 |
5.2. | Power Convergence for a Class of Continuous Mappings | 206 |
5.3. | Preliminary Lemmata for Theorems 5.1--5.6 | 209 |
5.4. | Proofs of Theorems 5.1--5.6 | 213 |
5.5. | A Class of Uniformly Continuous Mappings | 217 |
5.6. | An Auxiliary Result | 218 |
5.7. | Proofs of Theorems 5.11 and 5.12 | 219 |
5.8. | Mappings with a Uniformly Continuous Bregman Function | 222 |
5.9. | Proofs of Theorems 5.15 and 5.16 | 223 |
5.10. | Generic Power Convergence to a Retraction | 226 |
5.11. | Two Lemmata | 228 |
5.12. | Convergence of Powers of Uniformly Continuous Mappings | 230 |
5.13. | Convergence to a Retraction | 231 |
5.14. | Auxiliary Results | 231 |
5.15. | Proof of Theorem 5.21 | 233 |
5.16. | Proofs of Theorems 5.22 and 5.23 | 235 |
5.17. | Convergence of Powers for a Class of Continuous Operators | 241 |
5.18. | Proofs of Theorems 5.32--5.34 | 242 |
6. | Infinite Products | 247 |
6.1. | Nonexpansive and Uniformly Continuous Operators | 247 |
6.2. | Asymptotic Behavior | 249 |
6.3. | Nonexpansive Retractions | 250 |
6.4. | Preliminary Results | 252 |
6.5. | Proofs of Theorems 6.1 and 6.2 | 255 |
6.6. | Proofs of Theorems 6.3 and 6.4 | 257 |
6.7. | Proofs of Theorems 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 | 259 |
6.8. | Hyperbolic Spaces | 263 |
6.9. | Infinite Products of Order-Preserving Mappings | 263 |
6.10. | Existence of a Unique Fixed Point | 265 |
6.11. | Asymptotic Behavior | 269 |
6.12. | Preliminary Lemmata for Theorems 6.16--6.20 | 271 |
6.13. | Proofs of Theorems 6.16 and 6.17 | 276 |
6.14. | Proofs of Theorems 6.18 and 6.19 | 277 |
6.15. | Proof of Theorem 6.20 | 280 |
6.16. | Infinite Products of Positive Linear Operators | 282 |
6.17. | Proof of Theorem 6.24 | 287 |
6.18. | Proof of Theorem 6.26 | 290 |
6.19. | Proof of Theorem 6.27 | 295 |
6.20. | Homogeneous Order-Preserving Mappings | 301 |
6.21. | Preliminary Lemmata for Theorems 6.41--6.43 | 305 |
6.22. | Proofs of Theorems 6.41 and 6.42 | 314 |
6.23. | Proof of Theorem 6.43 | 315 |
6.24. | Infinite Products of Affine Operators | 321 |
6.25. | A Generic Fixed Point Theorem for Affine Mappings | 323 |
6.26. | A Weak Ergodic Theorem for Affine Mappings | 327 |
6.27. | Affine Mappings with a Common Fixed Point | 329 |
6.28. | Proofs of Theorems 6.64, 6.65 and 6.66 | 330 |
6.29. | Weak Convergence | 334 |
6.30. | Proofs of Theorems 6.67 and 6.68 | 335 |
6.31. | Affine Mappings with a Common Set of Fixed Points | 336 |
6.32. | Infinite Products of Resolvents of Accretive Operators | 339 |
6.33. | Auxiliary Results | 343 |
6.34. | Proof of Theorem 6.71 | 345 |
6.35. | Proof of Theorem 6.72 | 348 |
7. | Best Approximation | 353 |
7.1. | Well-Posedness and Porosity | 353 |
7.2. | Auxiliary Results | 357 |
7.3. | Proofs of Theorems 7.3--7.5 | 360 |
7.4. | Generalized Best Approximation Problems | 363 |
7.5. | Theorems 7.8--7.11 | 365 |
7.6. | A Basic Lemma | 367 |
7.7. | Proofs of Theorems 7.8--7.11 | 372 |
7.8. | A Porosity Result in Best Approximation Theory | 374 |
7.9. | Two Lemmata | 375 |
7.10. | Proof of Theorem 7.13 | 379 |
7.11. | Porous Sets and Generalized Best Approximation Problems | 380 |
7.12. | A Basic Lemma | 383 |
7.13. | Proofs of Theorems 7.16--7.18 | 389 |
8. | Descent Methods | 397 |
8.1. | Discrete Descent Methods for a Convex Objective Function | 397 |
8.2. | An Auxiliary Result | 401 |
8.3. | Proof of Theorem 8.2 | 403 |
8.4. | A Basic Lemma | 406 |
8.5. | Proofs of Theorems 8.3 and 8.4 | 409 |
8.6. | Methods for a Nonconvex Objective Function | 412 |
8.7. | An Auxiliary Result | 416 |
8.8. | Proof of Theorem 8.8 | 417 |
8.9. | A Basic Lemma for Theorems 8.9 and 8.10 | 419 |
8.10. | Proofs of Theorems 8.9 and 8.10 | 421 |
8.11. | Continuous Descent Methods | 424 |
8.12. | Proof of Theorem 8.14 | 427 |
8.13. | Proof of Theorem 8.15 | 428 |
8.14. | Regular Vector-Fields | 432 |
8.15. | Proofs of Propositions 8.16 and 8.17 | 434 |
8.16. | An Auxiliary Result | 436 |
8.17. | Proof of Theorem 8.18 | 437 |
8.18. | Proof of Theorem 8.19 | 438 |
8.19. | Proof of Theorem 8.20 | 439 |
8.20. | Proof of Theorem 8.21 | 440 |
8.21. | Most Continuous Descent Methods Converge | 441 |
8.22. | Proof of Proposition 8.24 | 442 |
8.23. | Proof of Theorem 8.25 | 443 |
9. | Set-Valued Mappings | 449 |
9.1. | Contractive Mappings | 449 |
9.2. | Star-Shaped Spaces | 451 |
9.3. | Convergence of Iterates of Set-Valued Mappings | 453 |
9.4. | Existence of Fixed Points | 457 |
9.5. | An Auxiliary Result and the Proof of Proposition 9.16 | 459 |
9.6. | Proof of Theorem 9.14 | 460 |
9.7. | Proof of Theorem 9.15 | 461 |
9.8. | An Extension of Theorem 9.15 | 462 |
9.9. | Generic Existence of Fixed Points | 464 |
9.10. | Topological Structure of the Fixed Point Set | 470 |
9.11. | Approximation of Fixed Points | 473 |
9.12. | Approximating Fixed Points in Caristi's Theorem | 479 |
10. | Minimal Configurations in the Aubry-Mather Theory | 481 |
10.1. | Preliminaries | 481 |
10.2. | Spaces of Functions | 484 |
10.3. | The Main Results | 486 |
10.4. | Preliminary Results for Assertion 1 of Theorem 10.9 | 487 |
10.5. | Preliminary Results for Assertion 2 of Theorem 10.9 | 493 |
10.6. | Proof of Proposition 10.11 | 502 |
| References | 513 |
| Index | 519 |