Title Emerging trends in drug use and distribution / David N. Khey, John Stogner, Bryan Lee Miller

Published Cham ; New York : Springer, [2014] ©2014

Table of Contents
1.	New Trends in Psychoactive Drug Use					1
1.1.	Introduction					1
1.2.	Defining Emerging Drugs					3
1.3.	Sources of Emerging Drugs					5
1.4.	General Patterns of Use					6
1.5.	Public Health Concerns					7
1.6.	Divergence from Federal Guidance and Law					9
1.7.	Setting the Tone					10
	References					10
2.	Emerging Drugs, Today Versus Yesteryear					13
2.1.	Partitioning Recreational Drugs from Medicine					13
2.1.1.	Absinthe					14
2.1.2.	LSD					18
2.1.3.	Quaalude					21
2.1.4.	MDMA, Ketamine, and GHB					23
2.2.	Drug Scares and the Media					25
2.3.	Current Trends					26
2.3.1.	Newly Synthesized Analogues					26
2.3.2.	New to Us---Botanicals					28
2.3.3.	New Tricks for Old Drugs					29
2.4.	Connecting the Past to the Present					30
	References					31
3.	Emerging Drug Trade and Use: Manufacturing, Marketing, and Understanding Novel Highs					33
3.1.	The Shadow Industry Profiting from Emerging Drug Use					33
3.1.1.	Drug Development and the Regulate and Reformulate Game					35
3.1.2.	Distribution and International Issues					37
3.2.	The Sale and Marketing of Novel Drugs					38
3.2.1.	Over the Counter Retail Sales					38
3.2.2.	Street Dealers and Black Market Distribution					39
3.2.3.	Online Sales					40
3.3.	The Role of the Internet in the Spread of Emerging Drugs					42
3.4.	Explaining Emerging Drug Use					43
3.4.1.	Traditional Explanations of Drug Use					44
3.4.2.	Emerging Drugs as Replacements for Banned Substances					46
3.4.3.	Emerging Drug Use as a Deviant Social Milestone					47
	References					48
4.	Case Studies of Emerging Drugs: Salvia, Bath Salts, and Bromo-DragonFly					53
4.1.	Case Study 1: Salvia divinorum					53
4.1.1.	Historic Use of Salvia					54
4.1.2.	Modern Salvia Use					54
4.1.3.	Media Coverage and Regulation of Salvia					55
4.1.4.	The Scope of Salvia Use					56
4.1.5.	Salvia: An Internet Phenomenon?					58
4.1.6.	Typology of Salvia Users					59
4.1.7.	Lessons from Salvia Use in the USA					61
4.2.	Case Study 2: Synthetic Stimulants Called "Bath Salts"					61
4.2.1.	Bath Salts and the Body					62
4.2.2.	The Emergence of Bath Salt Use					63
4.2.3.	US Media and Cultural Panics Linked to Bath Salt Use					65
4.2.4.	Regulation of Bath Salts and Results					66
4.2.5.	Lessons from Bath Salts and the Future					67
4.3.	Case Study 3: Bromo-DragonFly, a Powerful Hallucinogen					68
	References					70
5.	What Is Being Done About Emerging Drugs?					75
5.1.	The Controlled Substances Act					75
5.1.1.	Emergency Scheduling Powers					76
5.1.2.	Controlled Substance Analogues					77
5.1.3.	Food and Drug Administration					78
5.2.	A Move Away from the CSA					79
5.2.1.	State-Level Medicalization of Marijuana					80
5.2.2.	Salvia divinorum, Kratom, and other State Level Bans					80
5.3.	Synthetic Cannabinoids, Bath Salts, and the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012					83
5.4.	International Regulations of Emerging Drugs					84
5.5.	Law Enforcement and Interdiction					84
5.6.	Prosecuting Emerging Drug Cases					87
5.7.	Crime Lab and Drug Testing					88
5.8.	Emerging Drug Prevention					89
5.9.	Future Directions					90
	References					92
	Index					95

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Description 1 online resource (103 pages) : illustrations, maps Series SpringerBriefs in criminology, 2192-8533 ; volume 12 SpringerBriefs in criminology ; v. 12. 2192-8533 Contents New Trends in Drugs of Abuse -- Historical Comparison in Development of Drug Trends: Impact of Internet -- Case Studies of Emerging Drugs: Salvia Divinorum, Bath Salts and Research Chemicals -- Policies, Law Enforcement and Public Health Responses -- Drug Policy for the 21st Century Summary This Brief explores emerging trends in drug use and distribution. This timely Brief examines recent examples of emerging drugs including salvia (from the plant Salvia divinorum), bath salts (and other synthetic stimulants) and so-called research chemicals (primarily substituted phenethylamines, synthetic cousins of ecstasy), which have tended to receive brief levels of high intensity media coverage that may or may not reflect an actual increase in their usage. Over the past decade in particular, 'new' substances being used recreationally seem to come out of obscurity and gain rapid popularity, particularly spurred on by discussion and distribution over the internet. While changing trends in the drug market have always presented a challenge for law enforcement and public health officials, online forums, media coverage and other recent trends discussed in this Brief allow them to gain popularity more quickly and change more frequently. These rapid shifts allow less time for researchers to understand the potential health consequences of these substances and for law enforcement to stay abreast of abuses of legal substances. This work includes: 1) review of relevant research and literature, 2) review the Internet sources in which many deem important in influencing the emerging drug market, 3) discussion of national and international trends in use, abuse and distribution of these substances and 4) examination of current drug policy and recommendations for the future. This brief will be useful for criminology and criminal justice, sociology and public health. It will also be useful for those that deal with youth and the problems that may develop during adolescence and early adulthood Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes English Online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed January 13, 2014) Subject Drug utilization. Public health. Criminology. public health. criminology. SOCIAL SCIENCE -- Criminology. Droit. Sciences sociales. Sciences humaines. Criminology Drug utilization Public health Form Electronic book Author Stogner, John Miller, Bryan Lee ISBN 9783319035758 3319035754 3319035746 9783319035741 9781306542401 1306542405

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