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Author Elleman, Bruce A., 1959- author.

Title International competition in China, 1899-1991 : the rise, fall, and eventual success of the Open Door policy / Bruce A. Elleman
Published London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015

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Description 1 online resource
Series Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia ; 106
Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia ; 106.
Contents Cover; Half Title; Title page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; List of figures; Preface; Acknowledgments; Introduction: Open Door versus spheres of interest; Notes; 1. The origins of the Open Door Policy in China; America's friendly relations with China; The division of China into foreign spheres of interest; U.S. and British talks aimed at protecting China; The origin of the Open Door concept; The process of writing the Open Door notes; Conclusions; Notes; 2. Secret diplomacy undermines the Open Door; Ten years of turmoil; Russo-Japanese secret diplomacy; The 1911 Xinhai Revolution
Outer Mongolia's autonomy and the Twenty-one DemandsThe 1916 Russo-Japanese secret convention; Conclusions; Notes; 3. The growth of nationalism in post-1911 China; The rush to learn from Japan; U.S.-trained Chinese leaders; The early Bolshevik influence on China; The intellectual divide in China; A new Soviet focus on Asia; Conclusions; Notes; 4. The debacle at Paris; China and the United States prepare for the Paris Peace Conference; The impact of China's secret diplomacy; The difference between direct and indirect restitution; China's failed attempts to play the ""Soviet"" card
Wilson's negotiations with the Japanese delegationThe impact of the Versailles decision in China; The Chinese delegates' decision not to sign; Conclusions; Notes; 5. The 1917 October Revolution's impact on the Open Door Policy; A new interest in Soviet Russia; Russian spheres of interest vs. the U.S. Open Door Policy; Soviet reliance on the Open Door in Siberia; The creation of the Far Eastern Republic; Sino-Soviet secret negotiations on Outer Mongolia; Conclusions; Notes; 6. The Washington Conference, 1921-1922; Soviet denunciations of the Open Door Policy
The Washington Conference and the Open Door PolicyU. S. visions for the future of China; The truth behind Soviet secret diplomacy; Failures of the Washington System; Soviet secret diplomacy and the Washington system; Conclusions; Notes; 7. Soviet attempts to open diplomatic relations with China and Japan; Opening Sino-Soviet talks; Bolshevik attempts to open Soviet-Japanese relations; The creation of the united front policy; Secret Sino-Soviet negotiations; The recreation of spheres of interest; Conclusions; Notes; 8. Soviet-Japanese secret diplomacy undermines the Open Door Policy
The secret protocol's crucial leverageOngoing negotiations between Japan and the USSR; Karakhan's negotiations with Zhang Zuolin; Soviet-Japanese talks to divide China; Confirming Soviet control over Outer Mongolia; Conclusions; Notes; 9. The Soviet-Japanese struggle to partition China; The impact of the Soviet-Japanese secret agreements; China gains tariff autonomy; China's obligations to reform; Sino-Soviet War over the Chinese Eastern Railway; Diplomatic resolution of the CER conflict; The 1931 Manchurian Incident; U.S. attempts to save the Open Door Policy
Summary China's recent economic reforms have opened its economy to the world. This policy, however, is not new: in the late nineteenth century, the United States put forward the Open Door Policy as a counter to European exclusive 'spheres of influence' in China. This book, based on extensive original archival research, examines and re-evaluates China's Open Door Policy. It considers the policy from its inception in 1899 right through to the post-1978 reforms. It relates these changes to the various shifts in China's international relations, discusses how decades of foreign invasion, civil war and revo
Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index
Notes Online resource; title from PDF title page (Ebsco, viewed April 17, 2015)
Subject Eastern question (Far East)
HISTORY -- Asia -- China.
Commerce
Diplomatic relations
Eastern question (Far East)
International economic relations
Politics and government
SUBJECT China -- Foreign relations. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85024025
China -- Foreign economic relations
China -- Commerce -- History
China -- Politics and government -- 20th century. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85024167
Subject China
Genre/Form Electronic books
History
Form Electronic book
ISBN 9781317537786
1317537785
9781315726724
1315726726
9781317537762
1317537769
9781317537779
1317537777
0415563933
9780415563932
9781138933019
1138933015