Title Introduction to Humans in Engineered Systems

Published Wiley 2012

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Description 1 online resource (410 pages) Contents Machine generated contents note: pt. I Historical Perspective -- References -- 1. Natural and Engineered Systems -- Purposeful Design -- User-Centered Design -- Design against Failure -- Summary -- References -- 2. Historical Roots -- Engineering for Physical Limitations -- Size -- Strength -- Speed and Efficiency -- Engineering for Human Cognition -- Writing -- Number Systems -- Point-and-Click Interfaces -- Modern Era -- Aviation -- Digital Computer -- Fractured Field -- Human Factors/Ergonomics -- Human-Computer Interaction -- Human-Systems Integration -- Summary -- References -- 3. Current Practice -- Aerospace -- Human-System Specialist in Aerospace -- Medicine -- Human-System Specialist in Medicine -- Automotive Industry -- Human-System Specialist in the Automotive Industry -- Computer Industry -- Human-System Specialist in Human-Computer Interfaces -- Summary -- References -- pt. II Environment -- References -- 4. Varied Nature of Environments -- Static vs. Dynamic Domains -- Sources of Difficulty in Static Environments -- Modes -- Comprehension -- Sources of Difficulty in Dynamic Environments -- Lag -- Plant Dynamics -- Control Order -- Perturbation and Noise -- Internal vs. External Pacing -- Error Tolerance -- Summary -- References -- 5. Social Context -- Methodological Consequences of Group Size -- Length/Variability of Response Times -- Methods of Study and Analysis -- Communication and Coordination Consequences of Group Size -- Summary -- References -- 6. Analysis Techniques -- Modeling Static Environments: Finite State Representations -- Modeling Dynamic Environments -- Control Theory -- Signal Detection Theory -- Task Analysis -- Measuring Complexity Using Information Theory -- Modeling Throughput Using Queuing Theory -- Summary -- References -- pt. III Human Element -- References -- 7. Determinants of Human Behavior -- Human Factor -- Structure and Content -- Levels of Analysis -- Summary -- References -- 8. Structure of Human Information Processing -- Processing Stages -- Cognition and Action -- Cognition and Goal-Directed Behavior -- Response Selection -- Hiek-Hyman Law -- Compatibility -- Nature of Capacity Limitations -- Summary -- References -- 9. Acquiring Information -- Sensory Processing -- Vision -- Illumination -- Reflectance of the Surface -- Reflectance of Surrounding Surfaces -- Anatomy of the Eye -- Visual Acuity -- Acuity and Retinal Eccentricity -- Adaptation -- Saccadic Eye Movements -- Temporal Vision -- Masking and Crowding -- What and Where of Vision -- Summary -- Color Vision -- CIE Color Space -- Uses of Color -- Audition -- Human Auditory System -- Auditory Perception -- Pitch, Masking, and Critical Bands -- Auditory Localization -- Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Interactions -- Sensory Processing Summary -- Attention -- Selective Attention -- Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Echoic Memory -- Iconic Memory in Vision -- Resource and Data Limits -- Capacity of Attention -- Processing of Unattended Items -- Controlling Attention -- Visual Search -- Visual Monitoring -- Information Foraging Theory -- Summary -- References -- 10. Central Processing Limitations on Multitasking -- Bottleneck Theories -- Central Bottleneck Theory -- Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm -- Central Bottleneck Theory and Driving -- Central Bottleneck Theory and Human-Computer Interaction -- Fitts' Law -- Project Ernestine -- Capacity Theories -- Complexity in Resource Allocation -- Allocation of Limited-Capacity Resources -- Multiple Resource Theory -- Using Multiple Resource Theory -- Applications of Single-Channel and Multiple Resource Theories -- Timesharing -- Task-Switching Costs -- Cognitive Operations in Task Switching -- Timesharing Strategies and the Control of Processing -- Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off -- Optimal Strategies -- Summary -- References -- 11. Memory -- Types of Memories -- Short-Term Memory -- Working Memory -- Long-Term Memory -- Episodic versus Semantic Memory -- Retaining and Forgetting Information -- Interference -- Forgetting to Remember to Remember: Prospective Memory -- Retrieving Information -- Short-Term Memory Retrieval -- Long-Term Memory Retrieval -- Summary -- References -- 12. Decision Making -- Anatomy of a Decision -- Normative Approaches to Decision Making -- Rational Decisions -- Bayes Theorem -- Utility and Expected Value -- Nonoptimality of Human Decisions -- Failure to Consider Base Rate Information -- Judging Numerical Quantities -- Failure to Appreciate Statistical Properties -- Cognitive Approaches to Decision Making -- Confirmation Bias -- Framing Effects -- Overconfidence -- Heuristics in Human Decisions -- Availability -- Representativeness -- Anchoring -- Use of Heuristics -- Other Influences on Decision Making -- Process Models of Human Decision Making -- Naturalistic Decision Making -- Relationship between Decision-Making Models and Systems Engineering -- Summary -- References -- pt. IV Human-System Integration -- References -- 13. Case Study in Human-System Performance: The Exxon Valdez -- Account of the Grounding of the Tankship Exxon Valdez -- Nature of the Error -- Mode Errors -- Control Dynamics and Detection Times -- Time Estimation -- Decision Biases -- Multitasking -- Summary -- References -- 14. Human Error -- Human Error and System Error -- Nature of Human Error -- Theories of Human Error -- Error Types -- Error Forms -- Situation Awareness -- Situation Awareness in Individuals -- Situation Awareness of Teams -- Cognitive Processing in Establishing Situation Awareness -- Measuring Situation Awareness -- Inferring Situation Awareness from Eye Fixation Patterns -- Summary of Situation Awareness -- Summary -- References -- 15. Contextual Factors Affecting Human-System Performance -- Workload -- Defining and Measuring Workload -- Performance-Based Metrics -- Cognitive Task Analysis -- Physiological Indices of Workload -- Subjective Ratings of Workload -- Workload Summary -- Interruption -- Operator State -- Fatigue -- Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythms -- Summary -- References -- 16. Role of Automation in Human-System Performance -- Using Automated Devices -- Levels of Automation -- Taxonomy of Automation Levels -- Automation as a Decision Support Aid -- Automation and System Safety -- Summary -- References -- 17. Supporting Human-System Performance -- Alarms and Alerts -- Sensory Characteristics of Good Alerts and Alarms -- Design Considerations in Alerts and Alarms -- Human Factors Issues with Alerts and Alarms -- Information Displays -- Transform Information to Take Advantage of Human Perceptual Systems -- Match Perceptual Cues to the Nature of the Judgment -- Choose Perceptual Depictions Compatible with Internal Representations -- Provide Feedback -- Use Presentation Techniques That Minimize Demand for Focal Visual Attention -- Use Perceptual Distinctions That Match Visual and Auditory Capabilities -- Apply the Proximity Compatibility Principle -- Create Barriers -- Summary -- References Summary This book provides a repository of cases and articles on the broad applications of human factors knowledge across the globe. Written by highly experienced authors in this field, this book takes a control theory perspective and uses control diagrams to illustrate the relationships and interactions between the various knowledge areas and applications. A web-based archive of articles, cases, examples and exercises from across the range of knowledge areas and applications is provided as well Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes English Subject Human engineering. Ergonomics ergonomics. PSYCHOLOGY -- Industrial & Organizational Psychology. Human engineering. Form Electronic book Author Folk, Charles L. Boehm-Davis, Deborah Ann. ISBN 9781118393758 1118393759 1283599058 9781283599054 9781118332719 1118332717 1118329953 9781118329955 9786613911506 661391150X

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