Table of Contents |
| Preface | ix |
| Foreword | xi |
| Acknowledgments | xii |
1. | Introduction | 1 |
2. | EMF of an arbitrary structure | 7 |
2.1. | The near and the far field | 7 |
2.2. | EMF of a thin, symmetric, resonant dipole antenna | 11 |
2.3. | Homogeneity of EMF near a resonant dipole | 13 |
2.4. | EMF of a small loop antenna | 17 |
2.5. | Homogeneity of EMF near small loop | 18 |
3. | Methods of the standard EMF generation | 25 |
3.1. | Calibration of meters with dipole antennas | 25 |
3.1.1. | Calibration with the standard field method | 26 |
3.1.2. | Calibration with the substitution method | 28 |
3.1.3. | Calibration of meters with whip antennas | 29 |
3.2. | Calibration of meters with loop antennas | 32 |
3.2.1. | Calibration with the standard field method | 33 |
3.2.2. | Calibration with the substitution method | 35 |
3.2.3. | Calibration of meters with whip antennas | 37 |
3.3. | Calibration of meters with directional antennas | 39 |
3.4. | Meter calibration with the use of guided waves | 41 |
3.4.1. | Calibration in the field of a plate capacitor | 42 |
3.4.2. | EMF standards with a traveling wave line | 43 |
3.4.3. | A waveguide as a standard EMF source | 45 |
3.5. | Secondary standards and exposure systems | 46 |
3.5.1. | Chamber methods | 47 |
3.5.2. | Examples of TEM chambers | 49 |
3.5.3. | Other types of secondary standards | 54 |
4. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with dipole antennas | 63 |
4.1. | Accuracy analysis | 63 |
4.2. | Choice of the OATS | 68 |
4.3. | Measurement of the electrical parameters of the ground | 72 |
4.4. | Analysis of the accuracy of the SRA standard | 74 |
4.4.1. | Electromotive force measurement with a thermocouple | 77 |
4.4.2. | Voltage measurement using a selective voltmeter | 79 |
4.4.3. | Electromotive force measurement using a diode detector | 80 |
4.5. | Analysis of the accuracy of the STA method | 81 |
4.6. | Directional antenna calibration | 85 |
4.6.1. | E-field averaging along the antenna | 88 |
4.6.2. | Role of the radiation pattern | 89 |
5. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with loop antennas | 93 |
5.1. | Accuracy analysis of the SRA standard | 93 |
5.1.1. | Error in eA measurement | 94 |
5.1.2. | Error in loop surface area measurement | 94 |
5.1.3. | Error in frequency measurements | 95 |
5.1.4. | Other factors limiting the standard's accuracy | 95 |
5.2. | Accuracy analysis of an STA standard | 97 |
5.2.1. | Accuracy of the current measurement | 97 |
5.2.2. | Accuracy of linear size measurement | 97 |
5.2.3. | Error due to noncentric placement of the antennas | 98 |
5.2.4. | Other factors limiting the standard's accuracy | 99 |
5.3. | An EMF standard with Helmholtz coils | 104 |
6. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with a segment of a transmission line | 111 |
6.1. | EMF in a strip line | 112 |
6.2. | Wave impedance of a TEM cell | 113 |
6.3. | Accuracy of the line accomplishment and its role in line accuracy limitation | 116 |
6.4. | Disturbances of the wave impedance | 118 |
6.5. | Line excitation measurement accuracy | 123 |
6.5.1. | Inaccuracy due to input voltage measurement | 125 |
6.5.2. | Inaccuracy due to simultaneous input and output voltage measurement | 126 |
6.5.3. | Inaccuracy due to incident voltage measurement | 127 |
6.6. | Accuracy of the EMF standard with a segment of a transmission line | 130 |
6.7. | Homogeneity of EMF in a TEM cell | 131 |
6.8. | An OUT in a TEM cell | 135 |
6.8.1. | An EMF probe in a TEM cell | 135 |
6.8.2. | A TEM cell as an exposure system | 142 |
6.8.3. | Absorption and polarization | 147 |
7. | Accuracy analysis of the standards with horn antennas | 151 |
7.1. | Accuracy of determination of the power gain | 153 |
7.2. | Accuracy of excitation measurement | 159 |
7.2.1. | Accuracy of power measurements | 160 |
7.2.2. | Accuracy of transmitting antenna excitation measurement | 161 |
7.3. | Accuracy of the standard estimation | 162 |
7.3.1. | Accuracy estimations of the SRA standard | 162 |
7.3.2. | Accuracy estimations of the STA standard | 163 |
7.4. | Nonstationary EMF standard | 164 |
8. | Comparative analysis of the EMF standards | 169 |
8.1. | Double calibration method | 169 |
8.2. | Comparison of different type standards | 171 |
8.3. | International EMF standards comparison | 173 |
8.4. | Necessity of calibrations | 178 |
9. | Final comments | 187 |
| References | 193 |
| Index | 197 |