Title Constitutional Review in Europe : a Comparative Analysis

Published Oxford : Hart Publishing Limited, 2013

Table of Contents
	Acknowledgements					v
	Table of Cases					xiii
	Table of European Treaties and European Legal Instruments					xxxvii
	Table of Statutes					xxxix
	Introduction					1
	Introductory Definitions: Constitutional Interpretation and Constitutional Review					2
	Background: The Need for a Perspective Combining National and European Constitutional Law					3
	Objectives					5
	Method					6
	Terminology					9
	Structure					9
ch. 1	The Role of Non-Judicial Actors in Upholding the Constitution					11
I.	Introduction					11
II.	Councils of State and Chancellors of justice					12
A.	Councils of State					13
i.	Dutch Council of State (Raad van State)					14
ii.	Belgian Council of State (Conseil d'État/Raad van State)					16
iii.	The Dual Mandate of Councils of State in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights					18
B.	Chancellors of justice					20
III.	Parliament and its Committees					23
A.	Opportunities for Parliament to Uphold the Constitution					23
B.	Parliament, its Chambers and its Committees					25
i.	Finland: Perustuslakivahokunta					26
ii.	United Kingdom: House of Lords Constitution Committee					29
C.	Influence of the Presence of Other Actors in the Constitutional System					32
IV.	Heads of State					35
V.	The People					43
VI.	Concluding Remarks					50
ch. 2	The Rise of Constitutional Adjudication					53
I.	Introduction					53
II.	The Notion of 'Constitutional jurisdiction'					54
III.	Exploring the Reasons behind the Rise of Constitutional Adjudication					55
A.	Avoiding Competence Collisions between State Bodies					55
i.	Belgium: From Cour d'arbitrage to Cour constitutionnelle					56
ii.	France. Conseil constitutionnel					57
B.	Guaranteeing Observance of the Yule of Law and Affording Protection to Fundamental Rights					61
i.	Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht					63
ii.	Italy: Corte costituzionale					65
iii.	Spain: Tribunal Constitucional					67
iv.	Czech Republic: Ústavni Soud					69
v.	Poland: Trybunal Konstytucyjny					71
vi.	Hungary: Alkotmánybiróság					73
C.	The Impact of the ECHR and of EU Membership					75
i.	Finland					76
IV.	Bucking the Trend? A Closer Look at the Approaches of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom					79
A.	The Netherlands					79
B.	United Kingdom					83
V.	Concluding Remarks and Some Brief Reflections on the Two European Courts					86
ch. 3	Purposes of Constitutional Adjudication and Access to Constitutional Courts					93
I.	Introduction					93
II.	The Institutional Design of Constitutional Adjudication					94
III.	Four Purposes that May be Served by Constitutional Adjudication					97
A.	Ensuring that the Legislature Does Not Overstep Constitutional Boundaries					99
i.	Abstract Constitutionality Challenges					99
ii.	Preliminary References					132
iii.	Abstract Interpretation of the Constitution					140
B.	Protecting the Fundamental Rights of Individuals in Specific Cases					142
i.	Germany					143
ii.	Czech Republic					145
iii.	Spain					146
iv.	Hungary					148
v.	Poland					150
vi.	Comparative Remarks					151
C.	Resolving Institutional Disputes					155
i.	Enforcing the Vertical Balance of Powers					156
ii.	Enforcing the Horizontal Balance of Powers					163
D.	Ensuring the Integrity of Political Office and Related Processes					168
i.	Hearing Electoral Disputes					169
ii.	Adjudicating Presidential Impeachment					172
iii.	Proscribing Political Parties					176
iv.	Examining the Regularity and Constitutionality of Referendums					181
IV.	Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of justice					185
A.	National Comparative Analysis: Some General Comments					185
B.	The Court of Justice in Comparative Perspective					189
i.	Ensuring that the Legislature Does Not Overstep its Boundaries					190
ii.	Protecting the Fundamental Rights of Individuals in Specific Cases					193
iii.	Resolving Vertical and Horizontal Institutional Disputes					196
iv.	Ensuring the Integrity of Political Office and Related Processes					201
v.	Other 'Non-Constitutional' Functions Performed by the Court of Justice					201
ch. 4	The Constitutional Bench					205
I.	Introduction					205
II.	Selection and Appointment Procedures					206
III.	Number of Judges and Eligibility Criteria					210
A.	Number of Judges					210
B.	Qualifications that New Judges Must Possess					211
IV.	Tenure of Judicial Appointments and Termination Thereof					218
A.	Duration of Appointment					218
B.	Removal from the Bench					221
V.	Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of justice					223
ch. 5	Identifying the Sources of Standards for Constitutional Review					229
I.	Introduction					229
II.	Belgium: Cour constitutionnelle					230
III.	Czech Republic: Ústavni Soud					235
IV.	Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht					239
V.	France: Conseil constitutionnel					243
VI.	Hungary: Alkotmánybiróság					249
VII.	Italy: Corte costituzionale					255
VIII.	Poland: Trybunal Konstytucyjny					260
IX.	Spain: Tribunal Constitucional					262
X.	The Netherlands: Raad van State					264
XI.	United Kingdom: House of Lords Constitution Committee					266
XII.	Finland: Perustuslakivaliokunta					268
XIII.	European Union: Court of justice					269
XIV.	Comparative Remarks					276
ch. 6	Testing and Remedying Unconstitutionality.					281
I.	Introduction					281
II.	Deference Rhetoric					282
III.	Theory of the Living Law					286
IV.	Constitution-Conform Interpretation					291
A.	General Introduction					292
B.	Four Examples of Decisions Involving Courts Engaging in Constitution-Conform Interpretation					294
i.	Belgium: Restricting Party Financing on Fundamental Rights Grounds					294
ii.	The Czech Republic: Burden of Proof in Discrimination Cases					296
iii.	France: Security and Liberty					297
iv.	Spain: Right to Assistance from Interpreters in, Criminal Cases					300
C.	Evaluating the Technique of Constitution-Conform Interpretation					301
D.	The European Level: The Court of justice					305
V.	Types of Judgment and their Effects					309
A.	Decision to Uphold the Statute					309
B.	Findings of Unconstitutionality					312
i.	General Features: Legal Effects, Partial Annulment and the Inclusion of Legislative Guidelines					312
ii.	Timing and the Possibility of Deferring Annulment to a Later Date					317
iii.	Findings of Unconstitutionality Not Accompanied by Annulment					320
C.	The European Level: The Court of justice					324
VI.	Concluding Remarks					327
ch. 7	Interplay between Constitutional Courts and Other Actors					329
I.	Introduction					329
II.	Interactions between Constitutional Courts and (Constitutional) Legislatures					331
A.	Processes of Give-and-Take					334
i.	Case Study: Germany and the Regulation of Abortion					338
ii.	Case Study: Hungary and Limitation Periods for Crimes Committed during Communism					342
B.	Legislative Overrides					346
i.	United Kingdom: Section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998					348
ii.	Poland: Non-Finality of Judgments Handed Down by the Trybunal Konstytucyjny before 1997					353
C.	Constitutional Overrides					356
i.	France					357
ii.	Italy					360
iii.	Germany					363
iv.	Hungary					364
v.	European Union					367
vi.	General Observations					369
D.	Legislative Inertia following a Constitutional Decision					373
III.	Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Ordinary Courts					377
A.	Constitution-Conform Interpretation and the Demarcation of Constitutional and Ordinary jurisdiction					378
B.	The Appellate Dimension of the Constitutional Complaint Mechanism					385
IV.	Interactions among European Constitutional Courts					392
A.	Conference of European Constitutional Courts					393
B.	Venice Commission and World Conference on Constitutional Justice					396
C.	Appraising the Move to Cross-Border Judicial Gatherings					399
V.	Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice					403
A.	Avenues for Interaction between Constitutional Courts and the Court of justice					403
B.	Topics on which Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice Interact					408
C.	The Impact of the Court of Justice's Case Law on the Position of Constitutional Courts within the Domestic Legal Order					418
VI.	Interactions between National Highest and Constitutional Courts and the European Court of Human Rights					427
A.	Communication through Case Law					428
B.	Personal Encounters					436
VII.	Concluding Remarks					438
	Bibliography					441
	Index					477

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Description 1 online resource (529 pages) Series European and National Constitutional Law Series European and national constitutional law series. Contents Cover; preliminary pages; Acknowledgements; Contents; Table of Cases; Table of European Treaties and European Legal Instruments; Table of Statutes; Introduction; Introductory Definitions: Constitutional Interpretation and Constitutional Review; Background: The Need for a Perspective Combining National and European Constitutional Law; Objectives; Method; Terminology; Structure; Chapter 1: The Role of Non-Judicial Actors inUpholding the Constitution; I. Introduction; II. Councils of State and Chancellors of Justice; III. Parliament and its Committees; IV. Heads of State; V. The People VI. Concluding RemarksChapter 2: The Rise of Constitutional Adjudication; I. Introduction; II. The Notion of 'Constitutional Jurisdiction'; III. Exploring the Reasons Behind the Rise of Constitutional Adjudication; IV. Buckling the Trend? A Closer Look at the Approaches of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom; V. Concluding Remarks and Some Brief Reflections on the Two European Courts; Chapter 3: Purposes of Constitutional Adjudicationand Access to Constitutional Courts; I. Introduction; II. The Institutional Design of Constitutional Adjudication III. Four Purposes that may be Served by Constitutional AdjudicationIV. Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of Justice; Chapter 4: The Constitutional Bench; I. Introduction; II. Selection and Appointment Procedures; III. Number of Judges and Eligibility Criteria; IV. Tenure of Judicial Appointments and Termination Thereof; V. Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of Justice; Chapter 5: Identifying the Sources of Standardsfor Constitutional Review; I. Introduction; II. Belgium: Cour Constitutionnelle; III. Czech Republic: Ústavní Soud IV. Germany: BundesverfassungsgerichtV. France: Conseil Constitutionnel; VI. Hungary: Alkotmánybíróság; VII. Italy: Corte costituzionale; VIII. Trybunał Konstytucyjny; IX. Spain: Tribunal Constitucional; X. The Netherlands: Raad Van State; XI. United Kingdom: House of Lords Constitutional Committee; XII. Perustuslakivaliokunta; XIII. European Union: Court of Justice; XIV. Comparative Remarks; Chapter 6: Testing and Remedying Unconstitutionality; I. Introduction; II. Deference Rhetoric; III. Theory of the Living Law; IV. Constitution-Conform Interpretation v. Types of Judgment and their EffectsVI. Concluding Remarks; Chapter 7: Interplay between ConstitutionalCourts and Other Actors; I. Introduction; II. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and (Constitutional) Legislatures; III. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Ordinary Courts; IV. Interactions among European Constitutional Courts; V. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice; VI. Interactions between National Highest and Constitutional Courts and the European Court of Human Rights; VII. Concluding Remarks; Bibliography; Index Summary This book offers a comprehensive, comparative analysis of how 11 representative European countries tackle the questions of who (should) uphold(s) the Constitution and how constitutional review is organised Notes Print version record Subject Judicial review -- Europe Constitutional courts -- Europe Constitutional law -- European Union countries LAW -- Constitutional. LAW -- Public. Constitutional courts Constitutional law Judicial review Europe European Union countries Form Electronic book ISBN 9781782252443 1782252444

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