Table of Contents |
| Preface | xvii |
| Acknowledgments | xix |
| Section I: Foundations of Neurobiology | |
1. | History of Neurobiology | 1 |
| Clinical Case Reports | 2 |
| The Case of Phineas Gage | 2 |
| The Case of Mr. Tan | 3 |
| The Case of H.M. | 4 |
| Special Topics: Decision-Making Capacity | 5 |
| Current Case Examinations | 6 |
| Important Methodological Advancements | 6 |
| Development of Neuropsychology Testing | 7 |
| Creation of Computed Tomography | 7 |
| Creation of MRI and Beyond | 7 |
| The History of Treatment Technique | 8 |
| Lobotomy and Shock Treatment | 8 |
| Ethics: Safety of Patients | 9 |
| Medication | 10 |
| Psychotherapy | 10 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 10 |
| Neuroscientists | 11 |
| Conclusions | 12 |
| Summary Points | 12 |
2. | Research and Clinical Methods | 13 |
| Microscopic Evaluations | 14 |
| Ablation | 14 |
| Ethics: Animal Research[—]Necessity in Neuroscience? | 15 |
| Electrophysiology Recordings | 15 |
| Single-Cell Technique | 15 |
| Electroencephalogram | 16 |
| Event-Related Potentials | 17 |
| Neuroimaging Techniques | 17 |
| Structural Neuroimaging | 17 |
| Special Topics: Safety and the MRI Scanner | 20 |
| Functional Neuroimaging | 21 |
| Neuropsychological Evaluations | 24 |
| Behavior Genetic Testing | 25 |
| Conclusions | 26 |
| Summary Points | 26 |
3. | Nervous System and Brain Structure | 27 |
| Ethics: Competency and Neurobiology | 28 |
| Overview of the Nervous System | 29 |
| Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems | 29 |
| Neurotransmitters and Psychiatry | 33 |
| Acetylcholine | 33 |
| Serotonin | 34 |
| Catecholamines | 34 |
| Central Nervous System Development | 35 |
| Brain Division | 36 |
| Gray Versus White Matter | 36 |
| Left and Right Hemispheres | 37 |
| Cerebellum | 37 |
| Corpus Callosum | 38 |
| Glial Cells | 38 |
| Meninges and Cerebral Spinal Fluid | 38 |
| The Lobes of the Brain | 39 |
| The Occipital Lobe | 39 |
| The Parietal Lobe | 40 |
| The Temporal Lobe | 40 |
| The Frontal Lobe | 40 |
| Special Topics: Errors in Analyzing MRI for Understanding the Brain | 41 |
| Conclusions | 42 |
| Summary Points | 43 |
4. | Major Neurobiological Brain Systems | 45 |
| Ethics: Collaboration and Cooperation | 47 |
| Primary Neurobiological Systems in Psychiatric Disorders | 48 |
| The Limbic System | 48 |
| The Basal Ganglia | 51 |
| The Prefrontal System | 53 |
| The Cingulate System | 54 |
| The Fusiform Gyms | 54 |
| Secondary Neurobiological Systems in Psychiatric Disorders | 55 |
| Cranial Nerves | 55 |
| Mirror System | 56 |
| Circle of Willis | 56 |
| Application of the Neural Systems | 57 |
| Conclusions | 57 |
| Special Topics: The Application of the Concept of Neuroplasticity | 58 |
| Summary Points | 59 |
| Section II: Application of Neurobiology in Psychology | |
5. | Childhood Disorders | 61 |
| Special Topics: Psychotropic Medication in Children | 62 |
| Neurodevelopment Overview | 63 |
| ADHD | 65 |
| Genetics and ADHD | 65 |
| Neurotransmitters and ADHD | 66 |
| Neuroimaging and ADHD | 66 |
| Cognition and ADHD | 67 |
| Treatment for ADHD | 67 |
| Autism Spectrum Disorders | 68 |
| Ethics: The Harmful, Long-Lasting Effects of Falsifying Neurobiological Data | 69 |
| Genetics and ASD | 70 |
| Neurotransmitters and ASD | 70 |
| Neuroimaging and ASD | 70 |
| Cognition and ASD | 71 |
| Treatment for ASD | 71 |
| Intellectual Disability | 72 |
| Learning Disorders | 73 |
| Childhood Trauma | 74 |
| Childhood Maltreatment | 74 |
| Genetics and Childhood Maltreatment | 75 |
| Neurotransmitters and Childhood Maltreatment | 75 |
| Neuroimaging and Childhood Maltreatment | 75 |
| Cognition and Childhood Maltreatment | 76 |
| Therapy for Childhood Maltreatment | 77 |
| Conclusions | 77 |
| Summary Points | 78 |
6. | Schizophrenia | 79 |
| Clinical Symptoms of Schizophrenia | 80 |
| Onset and Course of Schizophrenia | 81 |
| Genetics and Schizophrenia | 82 |
| Neurochemistry and Schizophrenia | 83 |
| Neuroimaging and Schizophrenia | 83 |
| Special Topics: Clinical Imaging in Schizophrenia? | 86 |
| Cognition and Schizophrenia | 87 |
| Treatment for Schizophrenia | 88 |
| Medication | 88 |
| Ethics: Decision-Making Capacity in Schizophrenia | 89 |
| Therapy | 90 |
| Conclusions | 91 |
| Summary Points | 91 |
7. | Mood Disorders | 93 |
| Depression | 94 |
| Clinical Symptoms of Depression | 94 |
| Subtypes of Depression | 95 |
| Major Depressive Disorder | 95 |
| Genetics and MDD | 96 |
| Neuroimaging and MDD | 96 |
| Cognition and MDD | 98 |
| Treatment for MDD | 98 |
| Special Topics: Neuroscience in Prediction of Success: MRI/Genetics/Cognitive | 103 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 104 |
| Genetics and BD | 104 |
| Neuroimaging and BD | 105 |
| Neurochemistry and BD | 106 |
| Cognition and BD | 107 |
| Treatment for BD | 108 |
| Conclusions | 109 |
| Ethics: Suicidal Behavior: When to Break Confidentiality | 110 |
| Summary Points | 111 |
8. | Anxiety Disorders | 113 |
| Ethics: Stress in Clinical and Research Environments | 114 |
| Basic Neurobiological Response to Stress: Fight or Flight? | 115 |
| Physical Effects of SNS Activation | 116 |
| Special Topics: Why People Like to Be Frightened | 117 |
| Panic Disorder | 118 |
| Genetics and PD | 118 |
| Neurochemistry and PD | 119 |
| Neuroimaging and PD | 119 |
| Cognition and PD | 119 |
| Treatment for PD | 119 |
| Agoraphobia | 120 |
| Social Anxiety | 121 |
| Genetics and SA | 121 |
| Neurochemistry and SA | 121 |
| Neuroimaging and SA | 121 |
| Cognition and SA | 122 |
| Treatment for SA | 122 |
| Specific Phobias | 122 |
| Genetics and Phobias | 123 |
| Neuroimaging and Phobias | 123 |
| Treatment for Phobias | 123 |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 123 |
| Genetics and PTSD | 124 |
| Neurochemistry and PTSD | 124 |
| Neuroimaging and PTSD | 125 |
| Cognition and PTSD | 126 |
| Treatment for PTSD | 126 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 126 |
| Genetics and GAD | 127 |
| Neurochemistry and GAD | 127 |
| Neuroimaging and GAD | 127 |
| Cognition and GAD | 127 |
| Treatment for GAD | 128 |
| Conclusions | 128 |
| Summary Points | 128 |
9. | Eating Disorders | 129 |
| Anorexia Nervosa | 130 |
| Genetics and AN | 131 |
| Neuroimaging and AN | 131 |
| Cognition and AN | 132 |
| Treatment for AN | 133 |
| Ethics: Safety and Eating Disorders | 135 |
| Bulimia Nervosa | 136 |
| Neuroimaging and BN | 137 |
| Cognition and BN | 137 |
| Treatment for BN | 138 |
| Binge Eating Disorder | 139 |
| Special Topics: Obesity and Therapist Role | 140 |
| Neurochemistry and BED | 141 |
| Neuroimaging and BED | 141 |
| Cognition and BED | 142 |
| Treatment for BED | 142 |
| Conclusions | 143 |
| Summary Points | 143 |
10. | Sleep Disorders | s145 |
| Purpose of Sleep | 145 |
| Normal Sleep | 146 |
| Stage 0: Wakefulness | 146 |
| Stage I Sleep | 147 |
| Stage II Sleep | 147 |
| Stage III Sleep | 148 |
| Stage IV Sleep | 148 |
| REM Sleep | 148 |
| Cycle of Stages | 149 |
| Dreaming | 149 |
| Circadian Rhythms | 150 |
| Life Span and Sleep | 150 |
| Sleep Deprivation | 151 |
| Cognition and Sleep Deprivation | 151 |
| Neuroimaging and Sleep Deprivation | 152 |
| Clinical Sleep Disorders | 152 |
| Insomnia | 152 |
| Ethics: Are You Getting Good Sleep? | 153 |
| Hypersomnia | 154 |
| Parasomnia | 156 |
| Special Topics: Nocturnal Enuresis: A Behavioral Strategy | 157 |
| Conclusions | 158 |
| Summary Points | 158 |
11. | Substance Disorders | 159 |
| Background | 159 |
| Special Topics: Medical Marijuana[—]Helpful or Hurtful? | 160 |
| Behavioral and Neurobiological Response to Substance Exposure | 161 |
| Comorbidity of Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders | 163 |
| Genetics and Substance Disorders | 163 |
| Prenatal Exposure to Substances | 164 |
| Examination of Common Substances of Abuse | 164 |
| Alcohol Abuse | 164 |
| Cannabis Abuse | 167 |
| Methamphetamine Abuse | 167 |
| Cocaine Abuse | 168 |
| Hallucinogen Abuse | 169 |
| Opiate Abuse | 169 |
| Caffeine and Nicotine Abuse | 170 |
| Conclusions | 170 |
| Ethics: Use of Amphetamines as Performance Enhancers | 171 |
| Summary Points | 172 |
12. | Medical Disorders | 173 |
| Special Topics: Driving: When Is It No Longer Safe? | 174 |
| Delirium | 174 |
| The Dementias | 176 |
| Alzheimer's Disease | 176 |
| Vascular Dementia | 180 |
| Frontal Lobe Dementia | 180 |
| Dementia of Lewy Body | 181 |
| Seizure Disorders | 182 |
| Seizure Subtypes | 183 |
| Genetics and Seizure Disorder | 185 |
| Neurochemistry and Seizure Disorder | 185 |
| Neuroimaging and Seizure Disorder | 185 |
| Cognition and Seizure Disorder | 185 |
| Treatment for Seizure Disorder | 186 |
| Movement Disorders | 186 |
| Huntington's Disease | 186 |
| Ethics: Genetic Testing: To Test or Not to Test? | 187 |
| Parkinson's Disease | 188 |
| Other Medical Events | 189 |
| Tumors | 189 |
| Anoxia and Hypoxia | 190 |
| Conclusions | 191 |
| Summary Points | 191 |
13. | Traumatic Brain Injury | 193 |
| TBI Risk Factors | 194 |
| TBI Defined | 194 |
| Neurobiology of TBI | 195 |
| Neuroimaging and TBI | 197 |
| TBI: Severity Classification | 198 |
| Mild TBI: Definition and Symptoms | 199 |
| Special Topics: Sports-Related TBI | 201 |
| Malingering Issues in TBI | 201 |
| Outcome | 202 |
| Application of Treatment to Mental Health Providers | 202 |
| Cognitive Rehabilitation | 202 |
| Psychotherapy | 203 |
| Neuropsychological Assessment | 203 |
| Speech and Language | 203 |
| Sensory Evaluations | 204 |
| Headache | 204 |
| Medication Effects | 204 |
| Ethics: Confidentiality | 205 |
| Diet/Nutrition/Exercise | 205 |
| Conclusions | 206 |
| Summary Points | 206 |
14. | Personality Disorders | 207 |
| Special Topics: Psychopathy, Neuroscience, and the Law | 208 |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | 210 |
| Genetics and ASPD | 211 |
| Neuroimaging and ASPD | 211 |
| Cognition and ASPD | 212 |
| Treatment for ASPD | 212 |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | 213 |
| Ethics: Dual-Role and Relationships with BPD | 214 |
| Genetics and BPD | 215 |
| Neuroimaging and BPD | 215 |
| Neurocognition and BPD | 216 |
| Treatment for BPD | 217 |
| Conclusions | 218 |
| Summary Points | 218 |
| Glossary | 219 |
| References | 243 |
| Index | 277 |