| Table of Contents |
| | Preface | ix |
| | Foreword | xi |
| | Acknowledgments | xii |
| 1. | Introduction | 1 |
| 2. | EMF of an arbitrary structure | 7 |
| 2.1. | The near and the far field | 7 |
| 2.2. | EMF of a thin, symmetric, resonant dipole antenna | 11 |
| 2.3. | Homogeneity of EMF near a resonant dipole | 13 |
| 2.4. | EMF of a small loop antenna | 17 |
| 2.5. | Homogeneity of EMF near small loop | 18 |
| 3. | Methods of the standard EMF generation | 25 |
| 3.1. | Calibration of meters with dipole antennas | 25 |
| 3.1.1. | Calibration with the standard field method | 26 |
| 3.1.2. | Calibration with the substitution method | 28 |
| 3.1.3. | Calibration of meters with whip antennas | 29 |
| 3.2. | Calibration of meters with loop antennas | 32 |
| 3.2.1. | Calibration with the standard field method | 33 |
| 3.2.2. | Calibration with the substitution method | 35 |
| 3.2.3. | Calibration of meters with whip antennas | 37 |
| 3.3. | Calibration of meters with directional antennas | 39 |
| 3.4. | Meter calibration with the use of guided waves | 41 |
| 3.4.1. | Calibration in the field of a plate capacitor | 42 |
| 3.4.2. | EMF standards with a traveling wave line | 43 |
| 3.4.3. | A waveguide as a standard EMF source | 45 |
| 3.5. | Secondary standards and exposure systems | 46 |
| 3.5.1. | Chamber methods | 47 |
| 3.5.2. | Examples of TEM chambers | 49 |
| 3.5.3. | Other types of secondary standards | 54 |
| 4. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with dipole antennas | 63 |
| 4.1. | Accuracy analysis | 63 |
| 4.2. | Choice of the OATS | 68 |
| 4.3. | Measurement of the electrical parameters of the ground | 72 |
| 4.4. | Analysis of the accuracy of the SRA standard | 74 |
| 4.4.1. | Electromotive force measurement with a thermocouple | 77 |
| 4.4.2. | Voltage measurement using a selective voltmeter | 79 |
| 4.4.3. | Electromotive force measurement using a diode detector | 80 |
| 4.5. | Analysis of the accuracy of the STA method | 81 |
| 4.6. | Directional antenna calibration | 85 |
| 4.6.1. | E-field averaging along the antenna | 88 |
| 4.6.2. | Role of the radiation pattern | 89 |
| 5. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with loop antennas | 93 |
| 5.1. | Accuracy analysis of the SRA standard | 93 |
| 5.1.1. | Error in eA measurement | 94 |
| 5.1.2. | Error in loop surface area measurement | 94 |
| 5.1.3. | Error in frequency measurements | 95 |
| 5.1.4. | Other factors limiting the standard's accuracy | 95 |
| 5.2. | Accuracy analysis of an STA standard | 97 |
| 5.2.1. | Accuracy of the current measurement | 97 |
| 5.2.2. | Accuracy of linear size measurement | 97 |
| 5.2.3. | Error due to noncentric placement of the antennas | 98 |
| 5.2.4. | Other factors limiting the standard's accuracy | 99 |
| 5.3. | An EMF standard with Helmholtz coils | 104 |
| 6. | Accuracy analysis of EMF standards with a segment of a transmission line | 111 |
| 6.1. | EMF in a strip line | 112 |
| 6.2. | Wave impedance of a TEM cell | 113 |
| 6.3. | Accuracy of the line accomplishment and its role in line accuracy limitation | 116 |
| 6.4. | Disturbances of the wave impedance | 118 |
| 6.5. | Line excitation measurement accuracy | 123 |
| 6.5.1. | Inaccuracy due to input voltage measurement | 125 |
| 6.5.2. | Inaccuracy due to simultaneous input and output voltage measurement | 126 |
| 6.5.3. | Inaccuracy due to incident voltage measurement | 127 |
| 6.6. | Accuracy of the EMF standard with a segment of a transmission line | 130 |
| 6.7. | Homogeneity of EMF in a TEM cell | 131 |
| 6.8. | An OUT in a TEM cell | 135 |
| 6.8.1. | An EMF probe in a TEM cell | 135 |
| 6.8.2. | A TEM cell as an exposure system | 142 |
| 6.8.3. | Absorption and polarization | 147 |
| 7. | Accuracy analysis of the standards with horn antennas | 151 |
| 7.1. | Accuracy of determination of the power gain | 153 |
| 7.2. | Accuracy of excitation measurement | 159 |
| 7.2.1. | Accuracy of power measurements | 160 |
| 7.2.2. | Accuracy of transmitting antenna excitation measurement | 161 |
| 7.3. | Accuracy of the standard estimation | 162 |
| 7.3.1. | Accuracy estimations of the SRA standard | 162 |
| 7.3.2. | Accuracy estimations of the STA standard | 163 |
| 7.4. | Nonstationary EMF standard | 164 |
| 8. | Comparative analysis of the EMF standards | 169 |
| 8.1. | Double calibration method | 169 |
| 8.2. | Comparison of different type standards | 171 |
| 8.3. | International EMF standards comparison | 173 |
| 8.4. | Necessity of calibrations | 178 |
| 9. | Final comments | 187 |
| | References | 193 |
| | Index | 197 |
