Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- Purpose of the Study -- Current Use of Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- Characteristics of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Species -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- Objectives of Monitoring Animals Sentinels -- Advantages and Limitations of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Multifactorial Causality
Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to HumansFOOD ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- COMPANION ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- FISH AND OTHER WILDLIFE AS SENTINELS -- ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 1 Introduction -- OVERVIEW -- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY -- HISTORICAL USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS -- CURRENT USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Concepts and Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMSSpecies -- A sentinel should have a measurable response (including accumulation of tissue residues) to the agent or class of agents ... -- A sentinel should have a territory or home range that overlaps the area to be monitored -- A sentinel species should be easily enumerated and captured -- A sentinel species must have sufficient population size and density to permit enumeration -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ANIMAL SENTINELS
Human Health EffectsContamination of the Food Chain -- Environmental Contamination -- Adverse Effects on Animals -- ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Analytic Epidemiologic -- ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS -- Multifactorial Causality -- Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans -- 3 Food Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- U.S. Department of Agriculture
Food Safety and Inspection ServiceNational Animal Health Monitoring System -- Market Cattle Identification Program -- Food and Drug Administration -- Shellfish Monitoring Programs -- The National Animal Poison Information Network -- Outbreak Investigation -- Methyl Mercury in Fish -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chickens -- Polybrominated Biphenyls in Cattle -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Sheep and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Fluoride -- SUMMARY -- 4 Companion Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
