| Description |
1 online resource |
| Series |
Air, water and soil pollution science and technology |
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Air, water and soil pollution science and technology series.
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| Contents |
Intro -- AIR POLLUTION AND SHIP EMISSIONS -- AIR POLLUTION AND SHIP EMISSIONS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AIR POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- MARPOL ANNEX VI -- Provisions of Annex VI -- Implementing Legislation (P.L. 110-280) -- Amendments to Annex VI -- EPA Regulations -- OTHER LEGISLATION -- FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL MEASURES -- EPA Regulations -- Category 3 Engines -- Category 1 and 2 Engines -- California Emission Reduction Measures -- Low Sulfur Fuels -- Emission Controls -- Alternative Power -- Grants -- GREENHOUSE GASES -- International Efforts to Address GHGs -- Shipping vs. Other Transport Modes -- Measures to Reduce Ships' GHG Emissions -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 EMISSION CONTROL AREA PROPOSAL FOR SHIPS FACT SHEET -- REGULATORY ANNOUNCEMENT: PROPOSAL OF EMISSION CONTROL AREA DESIGNATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS -- EPA-420-F-09-015, March 2009 -- Overview -- The Need to Reduce Emissions from Engines on Ships -- Emission Control Area Standards -- Costs -- Benefits -- Next Steps -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 EPA NEEDS TO IMPROVE ITS EFFORTS TO REDUCE AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- WHY WE DID THIS REVIEW -- BACKGROUND -- WHAT WE FOUND -- WHAT WE RECOMMEND -- ACTION REQUIRED -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Purpose -- Background -- Sources of Emissions -- Impacts of Air Pollution from Port Activities -- Projected Port Growth and Impacts -- EPA's Multipronged Approach to Reducing Emissions at U.S. Ports -- EPA Regulatory Authority -- Key EPA Voluntary Strategies -- Clean Ports USA Program, SmartWay Transport Partnership, and Regional Diesel Collaboratives -- EPA's Work with the International Maritime Organization -- Noteworthy Achievements -- Scope and Methodology |
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2. RECENT AGENCY AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS HAVE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE HARMFUL EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSEL ENGINES -- Air Emissions from Large Oceangoing Vessel Engines Have Been Essentially Unregulated by EPA -- NOx -- PM and SOx -- CO, HC, and Air Toxics -- EPA Has Chosen to Defer Taking a Position on Whether It Has Authority to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions -- EPA Stated a Need to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions in 2002 -- Agency Efforts Have Only Recently Resulted in an International Agreement Which Could Achieve Substantial Emission Reductions -- Proposed Revisions to MARPOL Annex VI Adopted -- Comparing the IMO Agreement and the U.S. Proposal -- Importance of IMO Emission Control Areas -- Next Steps in the IMO Process -- EPA's Delay in Controlling Oceangoing Vessel Engine Emissions May Have Long-Term Effects -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Agency Comments and OIG Evaluation -- 3. IMPLEMENTING EPA'S APPROACH TO REDUCING AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS NEEDS IMPROVING -- EPA's Approach Is Incomplete -- Limited Data to Verify Results of Voluntary Actions -- Voluntary Initiatives Have Not Been Implemented at Many U.S. Ports -- Opportunities Exist to Improve Participation in Regional Diesel Collaboratives -- EPA Verified Technologies Are Major Component of Voluntary Emission Reduction Efforts, But Funding is Limited -- Limited Resources for Implementing EPA's Efforts to Reduce Port Emissions -- EPA's New Strategy for Sustainable Ports Lacks a Transformation Plan -- Conclusions -- Recommendation -- Agency Comments and OIG Evaluation -- STATUS OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND POTENTIAL MONETARY BENEFITS -- APPENDIX A. PROJECTED GROWTH OF U.S. PORTS DUE TO CONTAINER SHIPPING -- APPENDIX B. KEY EPA REGULATIONS FOR FIVE MAJOR SOURCES OF PORT EMISSIONS -- Oceangoing Vessels -- Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks |
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Cargo-Handling Equipment -- Harbor Craft and Locomotives -- APPENDIX C. DETAILS ON SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- Review of Management (Internal) Controls -- Prior Reports -- Prior GAO Reports -- APPENDIX D. DETAILS ON EPA'S RATIONALE FOR NOT TAKING A POSITION ON WHETHER IT HAS AUTHORITY TO REGULATE FOREIGN-FLAGGED VESSELS -- APPENDIX E. TIMELINE OF SELECTED EPA REGULATORY ACTIONS SINCE 1990 TO ADDRESS AIR EMISSIONS FROM PORT SOURCES -- APPENDIX F. SUMMARY OF REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE IMO IN OCTOBER 2008 -- APPENDIX G. STATUS OF PARTICIPATION IN REGIONAL DIESEL COLLABORATIVES FOR PORTS IN NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- APPENDIX H. DETAILS OF EPA'S STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE PORTS -- APPENDIX I. AGENCY RESPONSE TO DRAFT REPORT -- Recommendations-Chapter 2 -- Recommendation-Chapter 3 -- General Comments and/or Clarifications -- APPENDIX J. OIG EVALUATION OF AGENCY RESPONSE -- APPENDIX K. DISTRIBUTION -- End Notes -- Chapter 4 FAQ ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA -- WHAT ARE THE INTERNATIONAL MARINE STANDARDS AND WHY IS APPLICATION FOR AREA DESIGNATION NECESSARY? -- WHO CAN APPLY FOR ECA DESIGNATION? -- WHAT ARE THE REQUIRED COMPONENTS OF AN ECA APPLICATION? -- WHAT IS THE EXPECTED TIMELINE FOR THE U.S. ECA APPLICATION TO THE IMO? WHEN AN APPLICATION IS SUBMITTED, WHAT ARE THE STEPS AND TIME-LINE FOR APPROVAL AND FOR IMPLEMENTATION? -- HOW WOULD VESSEL OPERATORS BE AFFECTED? -- ARE THERE ANY ECAS CURRENTLY IN EFFECT? -- IS THE U.S. INTENDING TO SUBMIT A JOINT APPLICATION WITH CANADA AND/OR MEXICO? -- HOW FAR OFF THE U.S. COASTLINE WILL THE ECA EXTEND? HOW WILL PRACTICALITIES LIKE THE SOVEREIGN WATERS OF ADJACENT NATIONS BE HANDLED IN THE APPLICATION? -- WILL THE COASTS OF ALASKA AND HAWAII (AND OTHER U.S. TERRITORIES) BE INCLUDED IN THE APPLICATION? IF NOT, CAN THEY BE INCLUDED IN THE FUTURE? |
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WILL DESIGNATION OF A U.S. ECA ENCOURAGE SHIPPING LINES TO DIVERT "DISCRETIONARY" SHIPMENTS AWAY FROM U.S. PORTS (IN FAVOR OF NEARBY PORTS NOT WITHIN THE DESIGNATED ECA)? -- WILL THE LOW-SULFUR FUEL THAT MEETS THE ECA REQUIREMENTS BE AVAILABLE WHEN THE U.S. ECA GOES INTO FORCE? WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE FUEL IS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIME? -- WHAT ARE THE PROJECTED HEALTH BENEFITS FROM A U.S. ECA DESIGNATION? PROJECTED ECONOMIC BENEFITS? HOW DO THESE OUTWEIGH THE DIFFERENTIAL FUEL COSTS? -- HOW WOULD A U.S. ECA BE IMPLEMENTED AND ENFORCED UNDER U.S. LAW? -- HOW DOES AN ECA FIT INTO EPA'S CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRAM? -- End Notes -- Chapter 5 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION ADOPTS PROGRAM TO CONTROL AIR EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS -- WHAT DID THE IMO DO? -- WHAT SHIPS ARE AFFECTED? -- HOW DO OCEANGOING VESSELS HARM U.S. AIR QUALITY? -- WHAT WILL THIS PROGRAM MEAN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT? -- WHY IS THE IMO PROCESS IMPORTANT? -- WHAT ARE THE NEW STANDARDS? -- HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO EPA'S RECENT ADVANCE NOTICE ON REDUCING POLLUTION FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS? -- Chapter 6 PROPOSAL TO DESIGNATE ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA FOR NITROGEN OXIDES, SULPHUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATE MATTER -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SUMMARY OF PROPOSAL -- Populations and Areas at Risk -- Contributions from Ships to Adverse Impacts -- Description of Area -- Ship Traffic and Meteorological Conditions -- Land-Based Emissions Controls -- Estimated Costs -- CONCLUSION -- ACTION REQUESTED -- ANNEX 1. INFORMATION RESPONDING TO THE CRITERIA IN APPENDIX III TO ANNEX VI -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Countries Submitting this ECA Proposal -- 1.2. Criteria for Designation of an Emission Control Area -- 2. Description of Area Proposed for ECA Designation -- 2.1. Proposed Area of Application -- 2.2. Types of Emissions Proposed for Control -- 2.2.1. SOX and PM -- 2.2.2. NOX |
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2.2.3. Other Forms of Pollutants -- 2.3. Populations and Areas at Risk from Exposure to Ship Emissions -- 2.4. Conclusion -- 3. CONTRIBUTION OF SHIPS TO AIR POLLUTION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS -- 3.1. Synopsis of the Assessment -- 3.2. U.S. and Canadian Emissions Inventory Summary -- 3.2.1. Emissions Inventory Modelling and Inputs for 2020 Current Performance Scenario -- 3.2.2. Emissions Inventory Development for 2020 ECA Performance Scenario -- 3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Quality -- 3.3.1. Overview of Air Quality Modelling -- 3.3.2. Ships' Contribution to Ambient PM2.5 and Ozone Air Pollution in the U.S. -- 3.3.2.1. PM2.5 Contribution -- 3.3.2.2. Ozone Contribution -- 3.3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Pollution in Canada -- 3.3.4. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in the U.S. with the ECA -- 3.3.5. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in Canada with the ECA -- 3.3.6. Conclusions -- 4. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Human Health -- 4.1. Health Effects Related to Exposure to Air Pollutants -- 4.1.1. Nature of PM Health Effects -- 4.1.2. Nature of Ozone Health Effects -- 4.2. Quantified Human Health Impacts from Exposure to Ship Emissions -- 4.2.1. U.S. Human Health Impacts -- 4.2.2. Canadian Human Health Impacts -- 4.3. Conclusion -- 5. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Ecosystems -- 5.1. Overview of Deposition Resulting from Ship NOX, SOX and PM Emissions -- 5.1.1. Environmental and Ecosystem Impacts and Areas at Risk -- 5.1.2. U.S. Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.1.3. Canadian Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.1.4. Exceedances of Ecosystem Critical Deposition Loads in Canada Resulting from Ship Emissions -- 5.2. Impacts Associated with Deposition of PM2.5 and Air Toxics -- 5.3. U.S. Visibility Impacts -- 5.4. Ozone Impacts on Forest Health -- 5.5. Conclusion |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
English |
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Description based on print version record |
| Subject |
Merchant marine -- Environmental aspects -- Government policy -- United States
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Combustion gases -- Environmental aspects
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Ships -- Environmental aspects
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Air quality management -- Government policy -- United States
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Air -- Pollution.
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Environmental -- Pollution Control.
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Air -- Pollution
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Air quality management -- Government policy
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Combustion gases -- Environmental aspects
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Ships -- Environmental aspects
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United States
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Boutin, Jacob
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| LC no. |
2020688766 |
| ISBN |
9781613241721 |
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1613241720 |
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