Educational Reform in Europe: History, Culture, and Ideology; CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION; A HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN FINLAND1; EDUCATION REFORM IN SWEDEN; POLITICAL CHANGE AND EDUCATION REFORM; THE STABILITY OF CHANGE; GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNABILITY PROCESSES IN HIGHER EDUCATION TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN PORTUGAL; AN EDUCATIONAL TRADITION BASED IN EMPIRICISM AND LIBERALISM; GOVERNANCE REGIMES, STATUS GROUPS, AND EDUCATION REFORM