1. Introduction 2. Conceptual framework for estimating protein and amino acid requirements 3. Statistical concepts and procedures involved in deriving recommendations for protein and amino acid requirements 4. General methods used for determining protein and amino acid requirements 5. Protein-energy interactions 6. Protein quality evaluation 7. Protein requirements of adults, including older people, and women during pregnancy and lactation 8. Amino acid requirements of adults 9. Protein and amino acid requirements of infants and children 10. Catch-up growth 11. Influence of infection on protein and amino acid requirements 12. Implications of the protein and amino acid requirements for populations in developed and developing countries 13. Protein intake and health 14. Summary of requirements 15. Research needs