Machine derived contents note: List of illustrations -- Preface -- Notes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Survey -- Part I. Assessment: 3. Dependent activities: sacraments, ceremonies and intercessions -- 4. Independent activities: prayers, images and cult objects -- 5. Inclusive institutions: parish churches, chapels and guilds -- 6. Exclusive institutions: papacy, religious orders and secular clergy -- 7. Summation of Part I -- Part II. Explanation: 8. Spiritual motivations: Lutheranism, Calvinism and other faiths -- 9. Non-spiritual motivations: politics, economics and other forces -- 10. Mediate influences: literature, drama and art -- 11. Immediate influences: example, action and oral communication -- 12. Summation of Part II -- 13. Perspective -- Appendices -- Bibliography and abbreviations -- Index