III. 1 Point Sources in Two Dimensional GravityIII. 2 Black Hole Solutions; References for Chapter III; IV NEUTRALIZATION OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IN TWO SPACETIME DIMENSIONS; IV. I Introduction; IV. 1a. Particle creation.; IV. 1b. Neutralization of the cosmological constant.; IV. 1c. Additional features of particle creation.; IV. 1d. Overview.; IV. 2 Pair Creation Without Gravity; IV. 2a. Lorentzian solutions.; IV. 2b. Instantons.; IV. 2c. Action and probability.; IV. 3 Adding Gravity; IV. 3a. The gravitational equation.; IV. 3b. Geometry of the instantons.; IV. 4 Instantons For Pair Creation
IV. 4a. Solving the equations. IV. 4b. Interpretation.; IV. 5 The Gravitational Action; IV. 5a. Coordinate invariance.; IV. 5b. Surface terms.; IV. 6 Probability For Particle Creation; IV. 6a. Type 1 instantons.; IV. 6b. Topology change.; IV. 6c. Dependence on m and e.; IV. 7 The Cosmological Constant; IV. 7a. Evolution from de Sitter spacetime.; IV. 7b. Evolution to (nearly) flat spacetime.; IV. 8 Membrane Creation In Four Dimensions; IV. 8a. Four dimensional generalization.; IV. 8b. Instantons.; IV. 8c. Probability.; IV. 8d. Neutralizing the cosmological constant.; References for Chapter IV
Summary
This book addresses the subject of gravity theories in two and three spacetime dimensions. The prevailing philosophy is that lower dimensional models of gravity provide a useful arena for developing new ideas and insights, which are applicable to four dimensional gravity. The first chapter consists of a comprehensive introduction to both two and three dimensional gravity, including a discussion of their basic structures. In the second chapter, the asymptotic structure of three dimensional Einstein gravity with a negative cosmological constant is analyzed. The third chapter contains a treatment
