Machine derived contents note: 1 Introduction 3 -- 1.1 Setting the Stage 3 -- 1.2 Traditional and New Approaches 10 -- 1.3 The Aim and the Plan 17 -- 1.4 Terminology 19 -- 1.5 Preliminary Discussion: Why Are We Morally Interested in -- Health Distribution? 20 -- PART ONE: FRAMEWORK -- 2 Which Health Distributions Are Inequitable? 27 -- 2.1 Introduction 27 -- 2.2 Equity as Equality in Health 28 -- 2.3 Health Inequality as an Indicator of Social Justice 49 -- 2.4 Three Egalitarian Reasons Revisited 50 -- 3 What Measurement Choices Must Be Faced to Measure Health -- Inequity? 53 -- 3.1 Introduction 53 -- 3.2 Issues about Health 53 -- 3.3 Unit of Time 76 -- 3.4 Unit of Analysis 81 -- 3.5 Different Perspectives on Health Equity Revisited 89 -- 4 How Can a Health Distribution Be Summarized into One -- Number? 95 -- 4.1 Introduction 95 -- 4.2 Preliminaries 97 -- 4.3 The Five Questions: An Overview 101 -- 4.4 The Five Questions: A Close Look 105 -- 4.5 Summary 129 -- 4.6 Framework Revisited 132 -- PART TWO: EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION -- 5 Bridging Concepts and Analysis 137 -- 5.1 Overview 137 -- 5.2 Building Blocks 140 -- 5.3 How Healthy Were Americans on Average in 1990 and -- 1995? 155 -- 6 Did Health Equity Improve in the United States between 1990 -- and 1995? 161 -- 6.1 Empirical Analyses from Different Perspectives on Health -- Equity 161 -- 6.2 Discussion 183 -- 7 Conclusion 195 -- 7.1 Summary 195 -- 7.2 Future Work 200 -- Appendix A. Five Popular Health Inequality Measures 205 -- Appendix B. Intermediate Inequality in the WHO Health Inequality -- Index 211 -- Appendix C. The Dead Imputation 216 -- Appendix D. The Gini Coefficient 219 -- Appendix E. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) Measure 227 -- Appendix E Adjustment of Household Income for Family Size and -- Structure 234
