Introduction: What is the Muslim world? -- An imperial ummah before the nineteenth century -- Reinforcing the imperial world order, 1814-1878 -- Searching for harmony between queen and caliph, 1878-1908 -- The battle of geopolitical illusions, 1908-1924 -- Muslim politics of the interwar period, 1924-1945 -- Resurrecting Muslim internationalism, 1945-1988 -- Conclusion: Recovering history and revitalizing the pursuit of justice