Pt. I. Introduction. 1. Machakos Then and Now. 2. The District and the Study -- Pt. II. Profiles of Change. 3. Rainfall. 4. Population. 5. Land Use and Tenure. 6. Crop and Livestock Production. 7. Soils. 8. Vegetation -- Pt. III. Management and Managers. 9. Akamba Social Institutions. 10. Household Farming and Income Systems. 11. Soil Conservation. 12. Water Conservation. 13. Tree Management. 14. Technological Change -- Pt. IV. What Worked and Why. 15. Interactions and Policies. 16. Population Growth and Environmental Degradation: Revising the Theoretical Framework. 17. Replicability, Sustainability and Policy