Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks; Contents; Preface; Preface to First Edition; 1 Biostatistics and Biomedical Science; 1.1 Statistics and the Scientific Method; 1.2 Biostatistics; 1.3 Natural History of Disease Progression; 1.4 Types of Biomedical Studies; 1.5 Studies of Diabetic Nephropathy; 2 Relative Risk Estimates and Tests for Independent Groups; 2.1 Probability as a Measure of Risk; 2.1.1 Prevalence and Incidence; 2.1.2 Binomial Distribution and Large Sample Approximations; 2.1.3 Asymmetric Confidence Limits; 2.1.4 Case of Zero Events
2.2 Measures of Differential or Relative Risk2.3 Large Sample Distribution; 2.3.1 Risk Difference; 2.3.2 Relative Risk; 2.3.3 Odds Ratio; 2.4 Sampling Models: Likelihoods; 2.4.1 Unconditional Product Binomial Likelihood; 2.4.2 Conditional Hypergeometric Likelihood; 2.4.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimates; 2.4.4 Asymptotically Unbiased Estimates; 2.5 Exact Inference; 2.5.1 Confidence Limits; 2.5.2 Fisher-Irwin Exact Test; 2.6 Large Sample Inferences; 2.6.1 General Considerations; 2.6.2 Unconditional Test; 2.6.3 Conditional Mantel-Haenszel Test; 2.6.4 Cochran's Test; 2.6.5 Likelihood Ratio Test
2.6.6 Test-Based Confidence Limits2.6.7 Continuity Correction; 2.6.8 Establishing Equivalence or Noninferiority; 2.7 SAS PROC FREQ; 2.8 Other Measures of Differential Risk; 2.8.1 Attributable Risk Fraction; 2.8.2 Population Attributable Risk; 2.8.3 Number Needed to Treat; 2.9 Polychotomous and Ordinal Data; 2.9.1 Multinomial Distribution and Large Sample Approximation; 2.9.2 Pearson Chi-Square Test; 2.9.3 Pearson Goodness-of-Fit Test; 2.9.4 Logits; 2.10 Two Independent Groups with Polychotomous Response; 2.10.1 Large Sample Test of Proportions; 2.10.2 The Pearson Contingency Chi-Square Test
2.10.3 Odds Ratios2.10.4 Rank Tests: Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Mean Scores Test; 2.11 Multiple Independent Groups; 2.11.1 The Pearson Test; 2.11.2 Measures of Association; 2.11.3 Logits; 2.11.4 Multiple Tests; 2.11.5 Rank and Correlation Tests; 2.11.6 The Cochran-Armitage Test for Trend; 2.11.7 Exact Tests; 2.12 Problems; 3 Sample Size, Power, and Efficiency; 3.1 Estimation Precision; 3.2 Power of Z-Tests; 3.2.1 Type I and II Errors and Power; 3.2.2 Power and Sample Size; 3.3 Test for Two Proportions; 3.3.1 Power of the Z-Test; 3.3.2 Relative Risk and Odds Ratio; 3.3.3 Equivalence
3.3.4 Noninferiority3.4 Power of Chi-Square Tests; 3.4.1 Noncentral Chi-Square Distribution; 3.4.2 Pearson Chi-Square Tests; 3.4.3 The Mean Score (Rank) Test; 3.4.4 The Cochran-Armitage Test of Trend; 3.5 SAS PROC POWER; 3.5.1 Test for Two Proportions; 3.5.2 Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney Test; 3.6 Efficiency; 3.6.1 Pitman Efficiency; 3.6.2 Asymptotic Relative Efficiency; 3.6.3 Estimation Efficiency; 3.6.4 Stratified Versus Unstratified Analysis of Risk Differences; 3.7 Problems; 4 Stratified-Adjusted Analysis for Independent Groups; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Mantel-Haenszel Test and Cochran's Test
Summary
Praise for the First Edition ". . . an excellent textbook ... an indispensable reference for biostatisticians and epidemiologists."--International Statistical Institute A new edition of the definitive guide to classical and modern methods of biostatistics Biostatistics consists of various quantitative techniques that are essential to the description and evaluation of relationships among biologic and medical phenomena. Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks, Second Edition develops basic concepts and derives an expanded array of biostatistical methods through the application
