pt. 1. The Whig: Macaulay and the Whig tradition A heritage and its history -- Macaulay: progress and piety -- Macaulay's Res publica -- pt. 2. The Tory: Stubbs and the ancient constitution The German inheritance: a people and its institutions -- Autonomy and self-realisation: Stubbs' constitutional history -- pt. 3. The Democrat: Freeman and the unity of history Teutonic freedom and municipal independence -- Conquest, continuity and restoration -- pt. 4. The imperialist: Froude's Protestant island 'Something strange and isolated': Froude and the sixteenth century -- The spirit's trial: Reformation and renewal