| Description |
xxiii, 509 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm |
| Contents |
Contents note continued: Advice for Administering Data Collection Instruments -- Qualitative Data Collection Methods -- Observation -- Interviewing: Group and Individual -- Focus Groups -- Individual Interviews -- Document and Records Review -- Participatory Data Collection Strategies -- Participatory Rural Appraisal -- Beneficiary Assessment -- Self-Esteem, Associative Strength, Resourcefulness, Action Planning, and Responsibility (SARAR) -- Appreciative Inquiry -- Visual Data -- Mixed Methods and Data Collection -- Standards for Judging Quality of Data Collection -- Postpositivist: Reliability -- Repeated Measures Reliability -- Internal Consistency -- Reliability With Observers -- Constructivist: Dependability -- Postpositivist: A Unified Concept of Validity -- Sources of Evidence for Construct Validity -- Content Validity -- Predictive Validity -- Concurrent Validity -- Consequential Validity -- Constructivist: Credibility -- Postpositivist: Objectivity -- |
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Contents note continued: Cluster Randomization Design -- Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Static-Group Comparison Design -- Nonequivalent Control Group Design -- Regression-Discontinuity (R-D) Design -- Other Design Issues -- Type of Treatment Variables -- Ordering Effects -- Matching -- Challenges to Using Experimental Designs in Educational and Psychological Research -- Transformative Perspectives Regarding Experimental Research -- Postpositivist Rejoinder -- Final Thoughts -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Single-Group, Experimental, and Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Internal Validity -- External Validity (Ecological Validity) -- Other Threats to Validity -- Summary of Chapter 4: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research -- Where to From Here? -- ch. 5 Causal Comparative and Correlational Approaches -- Inherent Characteristics: Challenging Issues -- Focusing on Group Differences -- Group Identification -- The Myth of Homogeneity -- Causal Comparative Research -- |
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Contents note continued: Cluster Sampling -- Multistage Sampling -- Complex Sampling Designs in Quantitative Research -- Examples of Sampling in Quantitative Studies -- Purposeful or Theoretical Sampling -- Extreme or Deviant Cases -- Intensity Sampling -- Maximum-Variation Sampling -- Homogeneous Sampling -- Typical-Case Sampling -- Stratified Purposeful Sampling -- Critical-Case Sampling -- Snowball or Chain Sampling -- Criterion Sampling -- Theory-Based or Operational Construct Sampling -- Confirming and Disconfirming Cases -- Opportunistic Sampling -- Purposeful Random Sampling -- Sampling Politically Important Cases -- Case Study Sampling -- Examples of Qualitative Research Sampling -- Convenience Sampling -- Mixed Methods Sampling -- Sampling Bias -- Access Issues -- Access in Educational Settings -- Access to Records -- Sample Size -- Rules of Thumb -- Quantitative Research Rules of Thumb -- Qualitative Research Rules of Thumb -- Formulaic Determinations of Sample Size -- |
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Contents note continued: Consequential Validity -- Multicultural Validity -- Summary of Chapter 2: Evaluation -- ch. 3 Literature Review and Focusing the Research -- Reasons for Doing Literature Reviews -- Literature Reviews for Planning Primary Research -- Review of Literature as an End in Itself -- The Search Process -- Step 1 Identify Research Topic -- Sources of Research Topics -- Step 2 Review Secondary Sources to Get an Overview -- Step 3 Develop a Search Strategy -- Identify Preliminary Sources -- Identify Primary Research Journals -- Personal Networking -- Involvement of Community Members -- Step 4 Conduct the Search -- Prepare to Search Preliminary Sources -- Interpret What You See -- Select Titles -- Step 5 Obtain Full Text Resources -- Step 6 Read and Prepare Bibliographic Information and Notes -- Bibliographic Information -- Notes on Each Study -- Step 7 Evaluate the Research Reports -- Step 8 Synthesize the Studies -- Narrative Synthesis -- |
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Contents note continued: Constructivist: Confirmability -- Transformative Paradigm: Avoidance of Bias -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Data Collection -- Methodological Validity -- Summary of Chapter 12: Data Collection -- ch. 13 Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Use -- Quantitative Analysis Strategies -- Commonly Used Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques -- Descriptive Statistics -- Correlational Statistics -- Statistical Significance -- Inferential Statistics -- Variations on ANOVA -- Post Hoc Analysis -- Choice of Statistic -- Scale of Measurement -- Assumptions for Parametric Statistics -- Interpretation Issues in Quantitative Analysis -- Randomization -- Sample Size -- Statistical Versus Practical Significance -- Cultural Bias -- Generalizability -- Options for Reporting Statistical Results -- Replication -- Use of Nonparametric Statistics -- Competing Explanations -- Recognizing Limitations -- Principled Discovery -- Qualitative Analytic Strategies -- |
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Contents note continued: Ethics and Protection of Study Participants -- Marginalized Populations and Informed Consent -- Confidentiality and Anonymity -- Deception in Research Studies -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Sampling Strategies -- Summary of Chapter 11: Sampling -- ch. 12 Data Collection -- Operationalizing Concepts -- Quantitative Measurement Topics -- Performance and Portfolio Assessment -- Technology and Data Collection -- Secondary Data Sources -- Selection and Development of Quantitative Instruments -- Identifying an Instrument: Sources of Information -- Advice for Selecting an Instrument -- Developing a Data Collection Instrument -- Step 1 Define the Objective of Your Instrument -- Step 2 Identify the Intended Respondents and Make Format Decisions -- Step 3 Review Existing Measures -- Step 4 Develop an Item Pool -- Sensitivity to Multicultural Concerns -- Step 5 Prepare and Pilot Test the Prototype -- Step 6 Conduct an Item Analysis and Revise the Measure -- |
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Contents note continued: Importance in Educational and Psychological Research -- Philosophical Assumptions: Pragmatism, Mixing Paradigms, and Transformation -- Mixed Methods Design Options -- Pragmatic Parallel Mixed Methods Design -- Pragmatic Sequential Mixed Methods Design -- Transformative Parallel Mixed Methods Design -- Transformative Sequential Mixed Methods Design -- Transformative Cyclical Mixed Methods Design -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Mixed Methods Research -- Summary of Chapter 10: Mixed Methods Research -- ch. 11 Sampling -- Definition, Selection, and Ethics -- Sampling Strategies: Alternative Paradigms -- External Validity (Generalizability) or Transferability -- Defining the Population and Sample -- Identification of Sample Members -- Identification of Race and Ethnicity in Populations -- People With Disabilities -- Sampling Strategies -- Probability-Based Sampling -- Simple Random Sampling -- Systematic Sampling -- Stratified Sampling -- |
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Contents note continued: Interpretation Issues -- Summary of Chapter 13: Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Use |
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Contents note continued: Journals as Sources of Research Problems -- Electronic Resources -- "Mucking About" in an Archive or Contacting Professional Organizations -- Step 2 Conduct the Literature Review -- Preliminary Sources -- Step 3 Identify Sources of Historical Facts -- Documents and Artifacts -- Finding Information in Archives -- Accessing Historical Materials -- Using Archives -- Interviewing: Oral Histories -- Interviewing: Narrative Inquiry and Counter-Narrative -- Step 4 Synthesize and Evaluate Historical Data -- General Historical Documents -- Notes Specific to Personal Documents -- Notes on Oral History and the Narrative Study of Lives -- Notes on Biographical Research -- Notes on Autobiographical/Self-Study Research -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Historical-Narrative Research -- Summary of Chapter 9: History and Narrative Study of Lives -- ch. 10 Mixed Methods Research -- Definition and Characteristics -- |
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Contents note continued: Multiple-Baseline-Across-Settings Design -- Randomization in Multiple-Baseline Designs -- Factorial Designs -- Data Analysis in Single-Case Research -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Single-Case Research -- Summary of Chapter 7: Single-Case Research -- ch. 8 Qualitative Methods -- Basis for Selection of Qualitative Methods -- The Researcher's View of the World -- Constructivist View -- Transformative Views -- Practical Reasons (Pragmatism) -- Types of Qualitative Research -- Ethnographic Research -- Case Study -- Phenomenological Research -- Grounded Theory -- Participatory Action Research (PAR) -- Cooperative Participatory Action Research -- Transformative Participatory Action Research -- Data Collection -- Personal Interviews -- Preparing for the Interview -- Starting and Conducting the Interview -- Concluding the Interview -- Transformative Perspectives on Interviewing -- Who Can Interview Whom? -- |
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Contents note continued: Should the Interviewer and Interviewee Be Friends or Strangers? -- Reciprocity -- General Methodological Guidelines -- The Researcher Is the Instrument -- Speaking for the Other -- Focus on an Area of Inquiry -- Explore Research Sites -- Gaining Permission -- Negotiating Entry -- Entering the Field -- Role of the Researcher -- Gender Issues -- Translation Issues in Multilingual Contexts -- Qualitative Data Collection Methods -- Critically Analyzing Qualitative Research -- Credibility -- Transferability: Thick Description and Multiple Cases -- Dependability -- Confirmability -- Transformative Criteria -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Qualitative Research -- Summary of Chapter 8: Qualitative Methods -- ch. 9 History and Narrative Study of Lives -- Importance of Historical and Narrative Research -- Types of Historical and Narrative Research -- Sources of Data -- Steps in Conducting Historical-Narrative Research -- Step 1 Define the Problem -- |
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Contents note continued: Statistical Synthesis: Meta-Analysis -- Step 9 Use the Literature Review -- Conceptual Framework and Program Theory -- Research Questions and Hypotheses -- Summary: Purposes of Literature Reviews -- Critical Analysis of Literature Reviews -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Literature Reviews -- Summary of Chapter 3: Literature Review and Focusing the Research -- ch. 4 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research -- Importance of Experimental Design -- Research Designs and Threats to Validity -- Internal Validity -- External Validity or Generalizability -- Other Threats to Validity -- Single-Group, Experimental, and Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Single-Group Designs -- One-Shot Case Study -- One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design -- Time Series Design -- Experimental Designs -- Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design -- Posttest-Only Control Group Design -- Single-Factor Multiple-Treatment Designs -- Solomon 4-Group Design -- Factorial Design -- |
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Contents note continued: Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis -- Step 1 Preparing the Data for Analysis -- Steps 2 and 3 Data Exploration Phase and Data Reduction Phase -- Theoretical Lenses and Qualitative Data Analysis -- Using Computers in Qualitative Analysis -- Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis -- Triangulating Data -- Audits -- Cultural Bias -- Generalization/Transferability -- Member Checks -- Analytic and Interpretive Issues in Mixed Methods -- A Research Plan: The Management Plan and Budget -- The Management Plan -- The Research Budget -- Writing Research Reports -- Writing Reports -- Dissertations and Theses -- Reporting Format Options -- Quantitative Reports -- Qualitative Reports -- Web-Based Dissemination -- Clarity in Writing -- Utilization of the Research Results -- Writing for Publication -- Use for Social Change -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Data Analysis and Interpretation -- Quantitative Research -- Qualitative Research -- |
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Contents note continued: Correlational Research -- Steps in Conducting Correlational Research: Relationship Studies -- Graphs and Curvilinear Relationships -- Choice of a Correlation Coefficient -- Size and Interpretation -- Common or Explained Variance or r2 -- Multiple Regression and Ordering Variables -- Discriminant Function Analysis -- Canonical Correlation -- Path Analysis -- Factor Analysis -- Cross-Validation -- Correlational Studies: Prediction -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Causal Comparative and Correlational Research -- Summary of Chapter 5: Causal Comparative and Correlational Research -- ch. 6 Survey Methods -- Design Phase -- Purposes of Surveys -- Design Considerations -- Data Collection Choices -- Response Rate Considerations -- Theoretical Lenses and Diverse Populations -- Sampling Plan -- Identification of the Respondents -- Population Definition -- Sampling Decisions -- Sampling Minority Populations -- Random Digit Dialing -- |
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Contents note continued: Summary of Chapter 1: An Introduction to Research -- ch. 2 Evaluation -- Defining Evaluation -- Distinguishing Research and Evaluation -- History and Models of Evaluation -- Postpositivist Paradigm: Methods Branch -- Constructivist Paradigm: Values Branch -- Transformative Paradigm: Social Justice Branch -- Pragmatic Paradigm: Use Branch -- Resources and Processes for Conducting Evaluations -- Evaluation Resources -- Books and Monographs -- Online Resources -- Evaluation Journals -- Professional Associations -- Steps in Planning an Evaluation -- Focusing Stage -- Evaluation Questions -- Selection of an Evaluation Model -- Planning the Evaluation -- Management of the Evaluation -- Standards for Critically Evaluating Evaluations -- Ethics and Evaluation: The Guiding Principles -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Evaluation Studies -- Utility -- Feasibility -- Propriety -- Accuracy -- Evaluation Accountability -- Interpersonal Validity -- |
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Contents note continued: Designing the Survey Instrument -- Formatting the Questionnaire -- Pilot Testing the Questionnaire -- Language Differences Between the Researcher and the Respondent -- Special Types of Questions -- Demographic -- Nonthreatening Behavioral Questions -- Sensitive Behavioral Questions -- Knowledge Questions -- Attitude Questions -- Letter of Transmittal -- Conducting the Survey -- Notes Specific to Phone Interviews -- After the Interview -- Notes Specific to Web-Based Surveys -- Data Analysis With Survey Research -- Questions for Critically Analyzing Survey Research -- Summary of Chapter 6: Survey Methods -- ch. 7 Single-Case Research -- Quality Issues in Single-Case Research -- Validity and Reliability -- Design Options -- Phase Change Designs: Withdrawal, Reversal, or ABAB(+) -- Changing Criterion Design -- Alternating-Treatment Designs -- Multiple-Baseline Designs -- Multiple-Baseline-Across-Behaviors Design -- Multiple-Baseline-Across-People Design -- |
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Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 An Introduction to Research -- Why Bother? -- What Is Research? -- Research Terminology -- Approach Taken in This Book -- Major Paradigms in Research: A Brief History of Research -- Postpositivism -- Axiology -- Ontology -- Epistemology -- Methodology -- Constructivist Paradigm -- Axiology -- Ontology -- Epistemology -- Methodology -- Transformative Paradigm -- Why Did the Transformative Paradigm Emerge? -- Philosophical and Theoretical Basis -- Axiology -- Ontology -- Epistemology -- Methodology -- Validity From a Transformative Perspective: A Methodological Issue -- Pragmatic Paradigm -- Axiology -- Ontology -- Epistemology -- Methodology -- Issues Related to the Pragmatic Paradigm -- Politics, Legislation, and the Paradigms -- Why Is the Methodology of Research a Political Issue? -- Professional Organizations' Response to NCLB -- Contested Territory: Quality, Causality, and Objectivity -- Merging Paradigms---Across Differences -- |
| Summary |
Focused on increasing the credibility of research and evaluation, this text incorporates the viewpoints of various research paradigms into its descriptions of these methods. Providing specific advice on conducting research in culturally complex communities, the new edition has been updated to align with the American Psychological Association and the National Council of Accreditation of Teacher Education accreditation requirements. Approximately sixty percent of the content in this edition is new, updated with numerous contemporary examples, making this book one of the most comprehensive, accessible, and practical methods books available |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and indexes |
| Subject |
Education -- Research -- Methodology.
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Psychology -- Research -- Methodology.
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| LC no. |
2013046948 |
| ISBN |
9781452240275 (paperback) |
