pt. 1. The policy framework revisited : answering new challenges? -- pt. 2. Intellectual property and technology transfer : a new challenge for universities -- pt. 3. Open innovation and the new challenge for firms -- pt. 4. Toward open innovation : some evidence from empirical studies
Summary
All over the world, open innovation is emerging and requires much more interactions between different actors with different organizational cultures: large firms and SMEs (i.e. industry), universities and research institutions (i.e. academia), as well as national and regional authorities for building the legal or incentive framework of innovation (i.e government). Certainly, flows of knowledge between these three spheres, which are also known as the triple helix, have always existed; but what appears to be new in an open innovation environment is the overlapping of their missions. In many areas
