1 Introduction; 2 Policy context; 3 Conceptual and methodological frameworks; 4 Exposure and sensitivity of provisioning ecosystem services; 5 Exposure and sensitivity of other ecosystem services and feedbacks between climate change and land degradation; 6 Responses; 7 Monitoring and evaluating current and future effects of climate change and land degradation; 8 Monitoring and evaluating response options; 9 Involving stakeholders; 10 Conclusion