Fire and smoke : understanding the hazards / Committee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council
""FIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS""; ""Copyright""; ""ACKNOWLEDGMENTS""; ""PREFACE""; ""Contents""; ""EXECUTIVE SUMMARY""; ""HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT""; ""ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD""; ""THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY""; ""CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS""; ""INTRODUCTION""; ""1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES""; ""SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM""; ""CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH""; ""THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT""; ""2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD""; ""THE BURNING PROCESS""; ""A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE""; ""FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT""; ""DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD""
""Quantifying hazard""""time needed for escape""; ""time available for escape""; ""burning of a single item""; ""burning of multiple items""; ""3 status of fire hazard models and test methods""; ""introduction""; ""detection models""; ""models for time available for escape""; ""the harvard models""; ""other two-layer models""; ""field models""; ""example of calculations for model for tae""; ""models for time needed for escape""; ""test methods for model input data""; ""burning rate""; ""rate of production of smoke and toxicants""; ""toxicity data""; ""ignitability""; ""summary""
""4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES""""HEAT""; ""OXYGEN DEPLETION""; ""SMOKE""; ""WATER""; ""PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS)""; ""GASES""; ""Carbon Dioxide""; ""Carbon Monoxide""; ""Hydrogen Cyanide""; ""IRRITANTS""; ""Hyrdrogen Chloride""; ""Hydrogen Fluoride""; ""Sulfur Dioxide""; ""Nitrogen Dioxide""; ""Hydrogen Sulfide""; ""ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS""; ""FREE RADICALS""; ""INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS""; ""HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES""; ""IMMEDIATE EFFECTS""; ""EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS""; ""LONG-TERM SEQUELAE""
""Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures""""Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures""; ""Cancer""; ""SUMMARY""; ""5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE""; ""USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN""; ""CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY""; ""TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT""; ""BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY""; ""LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA""; ""GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD""; ""NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD""; ""UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD""; ""COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS""; ""Acute Toxicity""
""Anatomic Changes""""Test Subjects""; ""Physical Test Characteristics""; ""Furnace Dimensions""; ""Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability""; ""Heating Regimen""; ""Combustion Chamber Atmosphere""; ""Exposure System""; ""Physical Artifacts""; ""Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests""; ""COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT""; ""TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS""; ""FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE""; ""OBSERVATIONAL METHODS""; ""Motorized Activity Wheels""; ""Hind-Leg Flexion""; ""Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress""
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 131-156)
