Overview of the Carbonic Anhydrase Field -- Physiological Functions of the Alpha Class of Carbonic Anhydrases -- Catalytic Mechanism of [alpha]-Class Carbonic Anhydrases: CO2 Hydration and Proton Transfer -- Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of b-Carbonic Anhydrases -- Prokaryotic Carbonic Anhydrases of Earth?s Environment -- Carboxysomal Carbonic Anhydrases -- Carbonic Anhydrases and their Interplay with Acid/base-coupled Membrane Transporters -- Carbonic Anhydrase Related Proteins: Molecular Biology and Evolution -- Membrane Associated Carbonic Anhydrase IV (CA IV): A Personal and Historical Perspective -- Carbonic Anhydrase Expression in Kidney and Renal Cancer: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment -- Carbonic Anhydrase IX: Regulation and Role in Cancer -- Carbonic Anhydrase IX as an Imaging and Therapeutic Target for Tumors and Metastases -- Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) as a Mediator of Hypoxia-induced Stress Response in Cancer Cells -- Carbonic Anhydrases and Brain pH in the Control of Neruronal Excitability -- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Drug Design -- Natural Products that Inhibit Carbonic Anhydrases -- Glaucoma and the Application of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors -- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and High Altitude Illnesses -- Thermal-Stable Carbonic Anhydrases: A Structural Overview -- Carbonic Anhydrases in Industrial Applications
Summary
The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940 by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years with the identification
