Title Page ; Copyright Page; Contents; List of Contributors; Foreword; Preface; Chapter 1 Anatomy of the Human Ureter; 1.1 Structure; 1.2 Blood Supply; 1.3 Nerves; 1.4 Embryology; 1.5 Congenital Variations; 1.5.2 Duplex; 1.5.3 PUJ Obstruction; 1.5.4 Ectopic Ureteric Orifice; 1.5.5 Ureterocoeles; 1.5.6 Mega-Ureter ; 1.5.7 Ureteric Diverticulae; 1.6 Clinical Significance; References; Chapter 2 Anatomic Variations of the Ureter ; 2.1 Horseshoe Kidney; 2.2 Duplex Ureter; 2.3 Megaureter; 2.4 Ectopic Ureter; 2.5 Ureterocele; References; Chapter 3 The Pathophysiology of Upper Tract Obstruction
3.1 Introduction3.2 Aetiology; 3.3 Presentation; 3.4 Diagnosis; 3.4.1 Anatomical Imaging; 3.4.2 Functional Studies; 3.5 Consequences of Obstruction; 3.5.1 Obstructive Uropathy; 3.5.2 Obstructive Nephropathy; 3.6 Post-Obstructive Outcomes ; 3.6.1 Parenchymal Damage and Functional Loss; 3.6.2 Post Obstructive Diuresis; 3.7 Summary; References; Chapter 4 Physiology of the Human Ureter ; 4.1 Historical Introduction; 4.2 The Pain and Myths of Ureteric Colic; 4.3 Anatomical and Functional Studies; 4.4 Ureteric Transport Mechanisms
4.5 Physiological and Pharmacological Properties of Human Ureteric Muscle4.6 The Effect of Metoclopramide and Glucagon; 4.7 The Effect of Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors; 4.8 The Effect of Acid-Base Changes Upon Ureteric Contractility; 4.9 The Effects of Stents Upon Ureteric Function; References; Chapter 5 Etiology of Ureteric Obstruction ; 5.1 Congenital Causes; 5.1.1 Ureterocele and Ureterovesical Reflux; 5.1.2 Ureteric Valve; 5.1.3 Ectopic and Retrocaval Kidney; 5.1.4 Prune Belly Syndrome; 5.2 Metabolic Causes; 5.2.1 Ureterolithiasis; 5.3 Neoplastic Causes
5.3.1 Primary Carcinoma of the Ureter5.3.2 Non-Urologic Malignancies ; 5.4 Inflammatory Causes; 5.4.1 Stricture; 5.4.2 Endometriosis and Tuberculosis; 5.5 Miscellaneous Causes; 5.5.1 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis; 5.5.2 Pregnancy; 5.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 6 The Role of the Interventional Radiologist in Managing Ureteric Obstruction ; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Indications for Antegrade Stenting; 6.3 Patient Preparation for Antegrade Stent Insertion; 6.3.1 Pre-Procedure ; 6.3.2 Contra-Indications ; 6.3.3 Procedure; 6.3.4 Complications; 6.4 Stent Design; 6.5 The One-Stage Antegrade Stent
6.6 The Rendezvous Procedure6.7 Summary; References; Chapter 7 Emergency Management of Ureteric Obstruction ; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Identifying Patients with Obstructive Pyelonephritis; 7.3 Outcomes by Drainage Modality; 7.4 Comparative Effectiveness; 7.5 Quality of Life (QOL); 7.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 8 The History and Evolution of Ureteral Stents ; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 History and Evolution of Stent Nomenclature; 8.3 Ancient History; 8.4 Recent History; 8.5 Further Advances in Ureteral Stent Technology; References; Chapter 9 Ureteral Stent Materials: Past, Present, and Future
