| Description |
1 online resource (259 p.) |
| Contents |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor Biography -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Field Exposure: Fundamentals and Key Practices -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 EMF Metric and Evaluation Framework -- 1.2.1 EMF Exposure Factors -- 1.2.1.1 Transmit Antenna Regions -- 1.2.1.2 Transmit Antenna Characteristics -- 1.2.1.3 Duration of Exposure -- 1.2.1.4 Electrical Properties of Biological Tissues -- 1.2.2 EMF Exposure Metrics -- 1.2.2.1 Specific Absorption Rate -- 1.2.2.2 Power Density -- 1.2.2.3 Exposure-Ratio -- 1.2.2.4 Dose -- 1.2.2.5 Composite/Generic Metric of EMF Exposure -- 1.3 Application of Metric for Setting Guidelines/Limits and Reducing Exposure -- 1.3.1 SAR Reduction -- 1.3.2 PD Reduction -- 1.3.3 Exposure-Ratio Reduction -- 1.3.4 Dose Reduction -- 1.3.5 Composite EMF Exposure Reduction -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Wireless Devices: Mechanisms and Assessment Methods -- 2.1 Fundamentals of EMF Interactions with the Human Body -- 2.1.1 Thermal Effect -- 2.1.2 Non-thermal Effects -- 2.2 Physical Models to Represent the Interaction of EMFs with Biological Tissue -- 2.2.1 Interaction Mechanisms -- 2.2.1.1 Effects of Bound Charges -- 2.2.1.2 Effects of Dipole Orientations -- 2.2.1.3 Drift of Conduction Charges -- 2.2.2 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials -- 2.2.2.1 Relaxation Theory -- 2.2.2.2 Age-Dependent Dielectric Properties -- 2.2.3 The Interaction of EM Fields with Biological Materials -- 2.2.3.1 Interactions on the Body Scale -- 2.2.3.2 Interactions on the Tissue Scale -- 2.2.3.3 Interaction on the Cellular and Sub-cellular Scales -- 2.3 Dosimetry Concepts -- 2.3.1 The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) -- 2.3.1.1 SAR Measurement Techniques over the Frequency Spectrum -- 2.3.1.2 SAR Spatial Averaging |
|
2.3.1.3 Tissue Mass Averaging Procedures -- 2.3.1.4 Localized and Whole-Body Averaged SAR -- 2.3.2 The Specific Absorption (SA) -- 2.4 Dosimetry Methodology -- 2.4.1 Experimental Dosimetry -- 2.4.2 Numerical Dosimetry -- 2.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis -- 2.4.2.2 Numerical Modelling -- 2.5 Numerical Dosimetry at the Radiofrequency and Microwave Regions -- 2.5.1 Formulation of the Scattered-Field FDTD Algorithm -- 2.5.2 Discretization of Anatomical Models in FDTD -- 2.5.3 Comparisons of Numerical Results with Analytical Benchmarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Numerical Exposure Assessments of Communication Systems at Higher Frequencies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Exposure Configuration -- 3.3 Plane Wave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within the Skin Using SAR as a Function of Frequency -- 3.3.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Skin and Wet-Skin -- 3.4 Plane Wave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within Multi-layer Model Using SAR as a Function of Frequency -- 3.4.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on Dry-Skin and Multi-layer Model -- 3.5 Plane Wave Exposure Assessment of E-field Absorption Within the Eye Using SAR as a Function of Frequency -- 3.5.1 Comparisons of SAR Levels on HEECM and Multi-layer Model -- 3.6 Chapter Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Age Dependent Exposure Estimation Using Numerical Methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Numerical Human Models -- 4.2.1 Adult Voxel Models -- 4.2.2 Child Voxel Model -- 4.3 Age-Dependent Tissue Properties -- 4.3.1 Measured Tissue Properties -- 4.3.2 Age-dependent Human Dielectric Properties Extraction from Measured Data -- 4.3.3 Novel Calculation Methods of Age-dependent Dielectric Properties -- 4.3.3.1 Single Frequency Age-Dependent Method -- 4.3.3.2 Dispersive Age-Dependent Method -- 4.3.3.3 Implementation of the Cole-Cole Model on Age-Dependent Properties |
|
4.3.3.4 Accuracy Among the Age-dependent Methods -- 4.4 Numerical Validation -- 4.4.1 Comparison with an Analytical Benchmark -- 4.5 Chapter Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Antenna Design Considerations for Low SAR Mobile Terminals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 SAR Reduction and Dual Coupling of Antenna -- 5.3 Coupling Manipulation Simulation Campaign -- 5.4 SAR Analysis and Surface Current -- 5.5 Resilience to Different Head Use Cases -- 5.6 Analysis of MIMO Performance in Data Mode -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 MIMO Antennas with Coupling Manipulation for Low SAR Devices -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Working Principle and Antenna Geometry -- 6.2.1 Antenna Dimensions -- 6.2.2 Surface Current Distribution -- 6.2.3 Frequency Region Analysis -- 6.3 Antenna Measurements -- 6.3.1 MIMO Performance -- 6.4 Efficiency and SAR Analysis -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Reinforcement Learning and Device-to-Device Communication for Low EMF Exposure -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Contribution of Chapter -- 7.1.2 Chapter Organization -- 7.2 Background -- 7.2.1 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) -- 7.2.1.1 Frame Structure -- 7.2.2 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication -- 7.2.3 Machine Learning -- 7.2.3.1 Reinforcement Learning -- 7.2.3.2 Q-Learning -- 7.3 Related Works -- 7.4 System Model, Problem Formulation, and Proposed RL-ID2D -- 7.4.1 Network Model -- 7.4.1.1 Channel Model -- 7.4.1.2 Mobility Model -- 7.4.1.3 Signal-to-Interference-Noise-Ratio (SINR) -- 7.4.2 Definitions -- 7.4.2.1 Packet Delivery Ratio -- 7.4.2.2 Potential Relay Set -- 7.4.2.3 End-to-End Delivery Ratio -- 7.4.3 Problem Formulation -- 7.4.4 Reinforcement Learning Enabled Relay Selection -- 7.4.4.1 Q-Learning Framework -- 7.4.5 Proposed Intelligent D2D Mechanism -- 7.5 Performance Evaluation -- 7.5.1 Simulation Deployment Scenario and Analysis |
|
7.5.1.1 Analysis of Q-Learning Behavior in NB-IoT UE -- 7.5.1.2 Analysis of EDR Under Various Parameters -- 7.5.1.3 Analysis of E2E Delay Under Various Parameters -- 7.5.1.4 Comparative Analysis of RL-ID2D with Opportunistic and Deterministic Model -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Unsupervised Learning Based Resource Allocation for Low EMF NOMA Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Existing Work -- 8.1.2 Motivation and Contributions -- 8.1.3 Structure of the Chapter -- 8.2 EMF-Aware PD-NOMA Framework -- 8.2.1 System Model -- 8.2.2 Problem Formulation -- 8.3 Machine Learning Based User Grouping/Subcarrier Allocation -- 8.4 Power Assignment -- 8.5 Numerical Analysis -- 8.5.1 Simulation Results -- 8.5.2 Scheme Validity for Real Applications -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Emission-Aware Resource Optimization for Backscatter-Enabled NOMA Networks -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Motivation and Contributions -- 9.2 System Model -- 9.2.1 Problem Formulation -- 9.3 Proposed Solution -- 9.3.1 Sub-carrier Allocation -- 9.3.2 Power Allocation -- 9.4 Performance Evaluation -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Road Ahead for Low EMF User Proximity Devices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Perception and Physiological Impact of EMF -- 10.2.1 Public's Perception of Exposure and Risk Assessment -- 10.2.2 Physiological Impact -- 10.2.2.1 Age Range and Exposure -- 10.2.2.2 mmWave and Exposure -- 10.2.2.3 Brain Tumour and Exposure -- 10.3 EMF Exposure Evaluation Metric and Regulations: A Future Perspective -- 10.3.1 Expected Exposure Contribution of Future Wireless Communication Technologies -- 10.3.1.1 Exposure and mmWave -- 10.3.1.2 Exposure and Massive MIMO -- 10.3.1.3 Exposure and Densification -- 10.3.2 Open Issues and Future Research Tracks -- 10.3.2.1 New EMF Limits and Guidelines -- 10.3.2.2 EMF Mitigation Techniques and New Metrics |
|
10.3.2.3 Other Open Issues -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA |
| Summary |
LOW ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE WIRELESS DEVICES Comprehensive resource covering methods of designing energy efficient and low EMF wireless device techniques Supported with real case studies and recent advancements and laying the foundation for future advancements in the field, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances describes both ways, i.e. hardware and software, in which the user-centric wireless communication devices can be designed to reduce the levels of EMF to limit the potential long-term effects of EMF on human health. The text covers state-of-the-art and advanced topics such as EMF exposure standards and rationale, EMF evaluation tools, radio resource allocation, energy conservation, energy harvesting, EMF-aware antenna designs, and MIMO, and highlights advancements in this exciting field to date. To aid reader comprehension, the text contains numerous tables, illustrations, and photographs. In Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances, readers can expect to find information on: Fundamentals and key practices, and mechanisms and assessment methods, of exposure to electromagnetic fields The role of the smartphone on the assessment of exposure from 5G and antenna design considerations and techniques for low SAR mobile handsets Numerical exposure assessments of communication systems at higher frequencies and age-dependent exposure estimation using numerical methods Reinforcement learning and device-to-device communication in minimizing EMF exposure and emission-aware uplink resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access systems For wireless user equipment designers and hardware engineers, teachers in wireless communications, and postgraduate students in antennas for communication systems, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances is a must-have resource, covering an important topic that is expected to only grow in significance as future technological developments are made |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Description based on online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on December 27, 2022) |
| Subject |
Cell phones.
|
|
Wireless communication systems.
|
|
Electromagnetic fields.
|
|
cellular telephones.
|
|
electromagnetism.
|
|
Cell phones
|
|
Electromagnetic fields
|
|
Wireless communication systems
|
| Form |
Electronic book
|
| Author |
Ur-Rehman, Masood, editor
|
|
Jamshed, Muhammad Ali, editor
|
| ISBN |
9781119909187 |
|
111990918X |
|
9781119909194 |
|
1119909198 |
|
