Table of Contents |
| Contributors | xiii |
| Preface | xv |
| 1 | Introduction: Affect and Social Cognition / Joseph P. Forgas | 1 |
| | | Philosophical and Speculative Theories Linking Affect and Cognition | 6 |
| | | Some Early Empirical Evidence for Affective Influences on Cognition and Judgments | 7 |
| | | Psychodynamic Approaches to Affect and Cognition | 8 |
| | | Conditioning Approaches to Affect and Cognition | 9 |
| | | The Emergence of a Cognitive Paradigm | 12 |
| | | Major Areas of Contemporary Research on Affect and Social Cognition | 15 |
| | | | Affect and Cognition: Fundamental Issues and the Nature of the Relationship | 16 |
| | | | Affective Influences on the Content of Cognition | 17 |
| | | | Affect and Social Information Processing | 18 |
| | | | Affective Influences on Social Motivation and Intentions | 19 |
| | | | Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior | 19 |
| | | | Personality and Individual Differences in Affectivity | 20 |
| | | Conclusion | 21 |
| | | References | 22 |
I | The Relationship Between Affect and Cognition: Fundamental Issues | |
| 2 | The Interaction of Affect and Cognition: A Neurobiological Perspective / Ralph Adolphs, Antonio R. Damasio | 27 |
| | | Cognitive Affect | 28 |
| | | Affective Modulation of Memory, Attention, and Decision Making in Animals | 30 |
| | | Affect Modulates Declarative Memory | 33 |
| | | Affect Modulates Decision Making | 37 |
| | | Affect and Social Judgment | 40 |
| | | Conclusions | 43 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 45 |
| | | References | 45 |
| 3 | Affect and Attitudes: A Social Neuroscience Approach / Tiffany A. Ito, John T. Cacioppo | 50 |
| | | Why Social Neuroscience? | 51 |
| | | The Separability of Positive and Negative Affect | 52 |
| | | | The Evaluative Space Model | 54 |
| | | | Neural Substrates | 57 |
| | | | Negativity Bias | 58 |
| | | | Summary | 59 |
| | | Rerepresentation of Evaluative Processes Across the Neuraxis | 60 |
| | | | Feeling without Knowing | 63 |
| | | | Applications to Implicit and Explicit Prejudice | 65 |
| | | | Different Evaluative Mechanisms or Decreased Activation with Practice? | 67 |
| | | | Summary | 68 |
| | | Conclusion | 69 |
| | | References | 70 |
| 4 | Affect and Cognitive Appraisal Processes / Craig A. Smith, Leslie D. Kirby | 75 |
| | | Appraisal Theory: Its Purpose and Major Assumptions | 77 |
| | | Structural Models of Appraisal | 80 |
| | | Toward a Process Model of Appraisal | 84 |
| | | Appraisal Theory, Affect, and Social Cognition | 89 |
| | | References | 90 |
II | Affective Influences on the Content of Cognition | |
| 5 | Mood and Social Memory / Gordon H. Bower, Joseph P. Forgas | 95 |
| | | Affective Features of Social Episode Representations | 96 |
| | | Memory for Emotional Episodes | 98 |
| | | Affective Recall without Factual Recall | 99 |
| | | Emotional Units in Associative Networks | 103 |
| | | Mood-Dependent Retrieval | 104 |
| | | Mood-Congruent Processing | 108 |
| | | Limitations on Mood Congruity | 110 |
| | | Information-Processing Strategies that Moderate Mood Effects on Memory | 112 |
| | | Summary and Conclusions | 115 |
| | | Acknowledgment | 116 |
| | | References | 117 |
| 6 | Affect as Information / Gerald L. Clore, Karen Gasper, Erika Garvin | 121 |
| | | Affect and Judgment | 122 |
| | | | Traditional Views | 122 |
| | | | The Affect-as-Information View | 123 |
| | | Mood and Processing | 129 |
| | | | Priming and Processing | 133 |
| | | Mood and Memory | 136 |
| | | Summary | 139 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 140 |
| | | References | 141 |
| 7 | Affective Influences on the Self-Concept: Qualifying the Mood-Congruency Principle / Constantine Sedikides, Jeffrey D. Green | 145 |
| | | The Affect Infusion Model | 147 |
| | | | Type of Self-Conceptions | 147 |
| | | | Individual Differences | 151 |
| | | | Judgmental Task Features | 154 |
| | | Concluding Remarks | 156 |
| | | References | 158 |
III | Affective Influences on Social Information Processing | |
| 8 | Affective Influences on Social Information Processing / Klaus Fiedler | 163 |
| | | A Fundamental Processing Dichotomy | 165 |
| | | | Basic Assumptions, Methods, and Findings | 166 |
| | | | Mood-Congruency Effects | 168 |
| | | | Mood Effects on Information-Processing Style | 169 |
| | | | Boundary Conditions of Mood-Congruent Memory and Judgment | 171 |
| | | | Integrating the Evidence in Terms of Processing Differences: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) | 172 |
| | | | The Processing Consequences of Affect | 176 |
| | | | Affect, Cognition, and Adaptive Learning: Assimilation versus Accommodation | 177 |
| | | Summary and Conclusions | 182 |
| | | References | 183 |
| 9 | Promotion and Prevention Experiences: Relating Emotions to Nonemotional Motivational States / E. Tory Higgins | 186 |
| | | Promotion and Prevention Focus Concerns | 189 |
| | | Promotion and Prevention: Nonemotional Motivational States | 192 |
| | | Promotion and Prevention: Emotional Experiences | 195 |
| | | Promotion and Prevention Experiences of Motivational Strength | 200 |
| | | Additional Implications of Promotion and Prevention for Emotion | 203 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 208 |
| | | References | 208 |
| 10 | The Role of Affect in Attitude Change / Richard E. Petty, David DeSteno, Derek D. Rucker | 212 |
| | | Attitude Structure | 215 |
| | | Attitude Change with Relevant Affect | 216 |
| | | | Affective versus Cognitive Appeals | 216 |
| | | | Fear Appeals | 217 |
| | | Attitude Change with Irrelevant (Incidental) Affect | 218 |
| | | | Effects of Emotional Factors Under Low-Elaboration Conditions | 219 |
| | | | Effects of Emotional Factors Under High-Elaboration Conditions | 221 |
| | | | Effects of Emotional Factors Under Moderate-Elaboration Conditions | 223 |
| | | | Mood-Correction Effects | 226 |
| | | Conclusion | 228 |
| | | References | 228 |
IV | Affective Influences on Motivation and Intentions | |
| 11 | The Role of Affect in Cognitive-Dissonance Processes / Eddie Harmon-Jones | 237 |
| | | Overview of the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | 238 |
| | | | Research Paradigms | 239 |
| | | | Role of Negative Affect | 240 |
| | | A Conceptualization of Why Dissonance Produces Negative Affect | 240 |
| | | Cognitive Discrepancy as an Antecedent of Negative Affect | 241 |
| | | | Dissonance and Physiological Responses | 241 |
| | | | Dissonance and Self-Reported Negative Affect | 242 |
| | | | Using Assessments of Negative Affect to Understand the Motivation Underlying Dissonance Reduction | 242 |
| | | | Critical Evaluation | 244 |
| | | On the Causal Relation Between Dissonance, Affect, and Discrepancy Reduction | 245 |
| | | | The Relation of Dissonance-Produced Affect to Discrepancy Reduction | 245 |
| | | | Dissonance and Misattribution of Affect | 247 |
| | | | Independent Sources of Affect and Discrepancy Reduction | 249 |
| | | Affective Consequences of Cognitive-Discrepancy Reduction | 250 |
| | | | Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Physiological Responses? | 251 |
| | | | Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Negative Affect? | 251 |
| | | | Resolving Discrepant Findings for Physiological Responses and Reported Affect | 252 |
| | | Summary and Conclusions | 252 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 252 |
| | | References | 253 |
| 12 | Mood as a Resource in Processing Self-Relevant Information / Yaacov Trope, Melissa Ferguson, Raj Raghunathan | 256 |
| | | Mood as a Resource in Overcoming Defensiveness | 257 |
| | | | Mood-Incongruent Information Search | 258 |
| | | | Self-Induced Positive Mood | 261 |
| | | Mood as a Resource and Mood as a Goal | 262 |
| | | Research on Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Feedback-Seeking Behavior | 263 |
| | | Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Processing Persuasive Messages | 267 |
| | | | Mood-Incongruent Recall | 267 |
| | | | Affective Consequences of Processing | 268 |
| | | | Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions | 269 |
| | | Conclusions | 270 |
| | | References | 272 |
| 13 | The Role of Motivated Social Cognition in the Regulation of Affective States / Maureen Wang Erber, Ralph Erber | 275 |
| | | The Search for Mood Repair | 276 |
| | | The Social Constraints Model of Mood Regulation and Processing | 279 |
| | | Mood Regulation: What and When | 284 |
| | | Research Supporting the Social Constraints Model: The Coolness Effect | 285 |
| | | Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis I: Strangers versus Romantic Couples | 286 |
| | | Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis II: Accepting versus Critical Others | 287 |
| | | Some Parting Thoughts | 288 |
| | | References | 289 |
V | Affective Influences on Cognitively Mediated Social Behaviors | |
| 14 | Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Processing Strategies / Joseph P. Forgas | 293 |
| | | Affect Congruence in Interpersonal Behavior | 295 |
| | | Affect Infusion: A Question of Processing Style? | 296 |
| | | Affective Influences on Behavior Interpretation | 300 |
| | | Affect and Eyewitness Memory for Observed Interactions | 302 |
| | | Affective Influences on Spontaneous Interaction | 303 |
| | | Affect Infusion and Interpersonal Strategies: Making a Request | 304 |
| | | Affective Influences on Responding to Unexpected Social Situations | 307 |
| | | Affective Influences on Planned Strategic Encounters | 308 |
| | | Affective Influences on Persuasive Communication | 311 |
| | | The Interaction Between Affect and Cognitive-Processing Strategies | 312 |
| | | Summary and Conclusions | 314 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 316 |
| | | References | 316 |
| 15 | Affective Influences on Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations / Galen V. Bodenhausen, Thomas Mussweiler, Shira Gabriel, Kristen N. Moreno | 319 |
| | | The Affective Context of Intergroup Relations | 320 |
| | | | Chronic Integral Affect | 321 |
| | | | Episodic Integral Affect | 322 |
| | | | Incidental Affect | 324 |
| | | Mechanisms of Affective Influence on the Stereotyping Process | 326 |
| | | | Category Identification | 326 |
| | | | Stereotype Activation | 328 |
| | | | Stereotype Application | 330 |
| | | | Stereotype Correction | 336 |
| | | Final Thoughts | 337 |
| | | References | 338 |
| 16 | Affect and Health-Relevant Cognition / Peter Salovey, Jerusha B. Detweiler, Wayne T. Steward, Brian T. Bedell | 344 |
| | | Induced Mood and Thoughts about Health | 346 |
| | | Direct Effects of Mood on Illness: Findings from Psychoneuroimmunology | 349 |
| | | | Induced Mood and Immunologic Parameters | 349 |
| | | | Laughter and Immunity | 350 |
| | | Dispositional Links Between Mood and Health | 351 |
| | | | Optimism | 351 |
| | | | Hope | 352 |
| | | | Religiosity | 353 |
| | | | Mood-Regulatory Skills | 354 |
| | | | Hardiness | 355 |
| | | | Negative Affectivity | 356 |
| | | | Affect Intensity | 357 |
| | | Mood and Attentional Focus | 358 |
| | | Affect, Health-Relevant Cognition, and Social Support | 359 |
| | | Changes in Mood Motivate Health-Relevant Behaviors | 361 |
| | | Conclusion | 362 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 363 |
| | | References | 363 |
VI | The Role of Individual Differences in Affectivity | |
| 17 | Personality as a Moderator of Affective Influences on Cognition / Cheryl L. Rusting | 371 |
| | | Personality Traits that Enhance Mood-Congruent Processing | 375 |
| | | | Extraversion and Neuroticism | 375 |
| | | | Other Negative Traits | 378 |
| | | Personality Traits that Reverse Negative Mood-Congruent Processing | 379 |
| | | | Mood-Regulation | 380 |
| | | | Self-Esteem | 382 |
| | | When Are Personality and Mood Effects on Cognition Present? | 383 |
| | | | Type of Mood Induction | 384 |
| | | | Motivations to Regulate Emotions | 385 |
| | | | Type of Cognitive Task | 386 |
| | | Difficulties in Research on Personality, Mood, and Cognition | 387 |
| | | References | 388 |
| 18 | Affect, Stress, and Personality / Jerry Suls | 392 |
| | | The Big Five, Affective Experience, and Stress | 394 |
| | | Neuroticism and Responses to Life Events | 396 |
| | | Processes Contributing to the Neurotic Cascade | 399 |
| | | Personality in the Context of Affective-Cognitive Networks | 402 |
| | | Person [times] Environment Fit: The Case of Agreeableness | 403 |
| | | Conclusions | 405 |
| | | Acknowledgments | 406 |
| | | References | 406 |
| 19 | Emotion, Intelligence, and Emotional Intelligence 1953-. / John D. Mayer | 410 |
| | | Putting Emotion and Cognition in Their Place | 413 |
| | | | The Trilogy of Mind | 413 |
| | | | Other Parts of Personality | 415 |
| | | | Emotional Traits | 415 |
| | | | Cognitive Traits | 416 |
| | | | Emotion and Cognition: What Is Intelligence and What Is Not? | 417 |
| | | The Theory of Emotional Intelligence | 418 |
| | | | Emotion as Information | 418 |
| | | | Emotional Perception | 419 |
| | | | Emotional Integration | 420 |
| | | | Understanding Emotion | 421 |
| | | | Management of Emotion | 422 |
| | | Emotional Intelligence as a Standard Intelligence | 423 |
| | | | Measuring Emotional Intelligence as an Ability | 423 |
| | | | A Description of the MEIS | 424 |
| | | | Scoring the MEIS | 425 |
| | | | Findings with the MEIS | 425 |
| | | Discussion and Conclusion | 426 |
| | | References | 428 |
| Author Index | 433 |
| Subject Index | 451 |