DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATIONSYSTEMS:ENERGY MODELS AND ANALYSES; PREFACE; CONTENTS; NOTATION; ACRONYM LIST; SYMBOLS; SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; INTRODUCTION; THE DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATIONFRAMEWORK; 1.1. RECENT ENERGY SYSTEM EVOLUTIONS; 1.2. BACKGROUND FRAMEWORKS:DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES; 1.3. BACKGROUND FRAMEWORKS: COGENERATION; 1.4. FROM COGENERATION TO MULTI-GENERATION; 1.5. THE DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION (DMG) PARADIGM; DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION SYSTEMS:STRUCTURES AND SCHEMES; 2.1. MULTI-GENERATION PLANT STRUCTURE
2.1.1. Overall block structure2.1.2. Energy vector description; 2.2. THE CHP BLOCK; 2.2.1. Equipment and characteristics; 2.2.2. Prime mover control strategies; 2.3. THE AGP BLOCK; 2.3.1. AGP equipment in separate linking mode; 2.3.2. AGP equipment in bottoming linking mode; 2.3.3. Other equipment; 2.4. INTERACTIONS WITH EXTERNAL SYSTEMS; 2.4.1. External networks; 2.4.2. Distributed storage; 2.4.3. Renewable energy sources and hybrid systems; MULTI-GENERATION COMPONENTS:CHARACTERISTICS AND MODELS; 3.1. COGENERATION PRIME MOVERS; 3.1.1. General aspects; 3.1.2. Internal Combustion Engines
3.1.2.1. Cooling and heat recovery systems3.1.2.2. Efficiency and off-design performance of ICEs; 3.1.3. Microturbines; 3.1.3.1. Generalities on microturbines; 3.1.3.2. Off-design characteristics; 3.1.3.3. Cogeneration applications; 3.1.3.4. Considerations on single-shaft MTs and comparison with ICE technologies; 3.1.4. Stirling engines; 3.2. COMBUSTION HEAT GENERATORS; 3.2.1. General aspects of heat generation groups; 3.2.2. Boiler efficiency and losses; 3.2.3. Partial-load characteristics; 3.3. COOLING GENERATION PLANT EQUIPMENT; 3.3.1. Generalities on cooling plants
3.3.2. Cooling plants characteristics3.3.3. Vapour compression chillers; 3.3.3.1. Thermodynamic aspects and components; 3.3.3.2. Refrigerants; 3.3.3.3. Compressors; 3.3.3.4. Considerations on reciprocating and screw compressors for cooling plants; 3.3.3.5. Off-design models; 3.3.4. Absorption chillers; 3.3.4.1. General characteristics; 3.3.4.2. Thermodynamic aspects; 3.3.4.3. Absorption chiller off-design characteristics; 3.3.4.4. Temperature constraints for heat sources; 3.3.4.5. Comparison between absorption chillers and vapour compression electricchillers; 3.3.5. Adsorption chillers
3.3.6. Heat pumps3.3.6.1. Classification of heat pumps; 3.3.6.2. Thermodynamic aspects of EHPs; 3.3.6.3. Electric heat pump performance; 3.3.6.4. The thermal source; 3.3.6.5. Electric resistance heating; 3.3.7. Engine-driven chillers; 3.3.7.1. General aspects; 3.3.7.2. Engine-driven chiller performance; 3.3.7.3. Heat recovery; 3.4. HEAT RECOVERY IN COOLING PLANTS; 3.4.1. General models for bottoming cycle heat recovery in cooling plants; 3.4.2. The EHP for heat recovery bottoming cycles; DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION PLANNING; 4.1. PLANNING ISSUES WITHIN THE MULTI-GENERATIONFRAMEWORK
