Introduction -- The Roman monster : from pious portent to political pasquinade -- The Roman monster in the Kingdom of Bohemia, 1498-1523 -- The Papal Antichrist -- Philip Melanchthon's The Pope-Ass explained -- The diffusion of the Roman monster within the discourse of the Reformation -- Conclusion -- Appendix: The Pope-Ass explained (1523) / by Philip Melanchthon