| Description |
1 online resource (520 pages) |
| Contents |
Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Authors' List -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Editorial -- Part I: The advantages of source separation and decentralization -- Chapter 2: The energy issue in urban water management -- 2.1 Introduction -- Think Globally and Act Locally -- 2.2 Global Energy Goal -- 2.3 Renewable Energy Sources -- 2.4 Photosynthesis, Biomass, and BOD -- 2.5 Microbial Energy Conversion -- 2.6 Nutrient Recovery -- 2.7 New Biomass from Photosynthetic Microorganisms -- 2.8 Lower Energy Use -- 2.9 The Impact of Source Separation and Decentralization -- References -- Chapter 3: Peak phosphorus and the role of P recovery in achieving food security -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phosphorus and Global Food Security -- 3.3 Global Phosphorus Scarcity and Pollution -- 3.4 Five Dimensions of Phosphorus Scarcity -- 3.5 Phosphorus Use in the Global Food System -- 3.6 Achieving Phosphorus Security -- 3.6.1 An integrated approach is required -- 3.6.2 The role of decentralized sanitation systems -- 3.6.3 Key challenges and opportunities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Nitrogen economy of the 21st Century -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nitrogen Sources -- 4.3 Release of Nitrogen to the Environment -- 4.4 Environmental Consequences -- 4.5 The Future and Possible Interventions -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Urban water supply under expanding water scarcity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Supply of Urban Areas -- 5.2.1 On the verge of a new water scarcity -- 5.3 Implications of Increasing Competition? -- 5.4 Adapting to Increasing Water Shortage -- 5.5 Reasonable Blue-Water Allocation -- 5.6 Irrigation Potential -- 5.7 Additive Versus Competing Water Uses -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6: The issue of micropollutants in urban water management -- 6.1 Introduction |
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6.2 Parent Compounds, Metabolites and Transformation Products -- 6.3 Classification -- 6.4 Some Examples of Micropollutants -- 6.4.1 Flame retardants -- 6.4.2 Biocides and pesticides -- 6.4.3 Endocrine disrupting chemicals -- 6.4.4 Anti-corrosive additives -- 6.4.5 Personal care products -- 6.4.6 Perfluorinated surfactants -- PFOS and PFOA -- 6.4.7 Pharmaceuticals -- 6.4.8 Artificial sweeteners -- 6.4.9 Engineered nanoparticles -- 6.5 Management Options -- 6.5.1 Technology -- 6.5.2 Education and training -- 6.5.3 Source separation -- 6.5.4 Benign by design -- References -- Chapter 7: Full costs, (dis- )economies of scale and the price of uncertainty -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Conveyance-Based Wastewater Treatment -- 7.3 (dis- )Economies of Scale -- 7.4 Deficits of the Net Present Value Method -- 7.5 The Cost of Uncertainty -- 7.6 On-Site Treatment Systems -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: The rationale for decentralization of wastewater infrastructure -- 8.1 Types of Wastewater Infrastructure -- 8.2 Centralized Treatment Systems -- 8.3 Distributed Centralized Systems -- 8.4 Centralized Systems with Satellites -- 8.4.1 Implementation of satellite systems -- 8.5 Decentralized Systems -- 8.5.1 Types of decentralized wastewater systems -- 8.5.2 Historical development of decentralized systems -- 8.5.3 Modern development of decentralized systems -- 8.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of decentralization -- 8.5.5 Continued developments in decentralized systems -- 8.5.6 Future evolution of decentralized wastewater systems -- 8.6 The Future -- 8.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Cities of the global South -- is decentralized sanitation a solution? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Centralized Systems -- 9.3 Unbundling -- 9.3.1 The value chain -- 9.3.2 Vertical unbundling -- 9.3.3 Horizontal unbundling -- 9.4 Decentralization -- 9.5 Technologies |
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9.6 Creating Incentives -- 9.6.1 Contractual incentives -- 9.6.2 Financial incentives -- 9.6.3 Political incentives -- 9.6.4 Professional incentives -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- Part II: The challenges of source separation and decentralization -- Chapter 10: Implementation of source separation and decentralization in cities -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Main Advantages of Source Separation and Decentralization in Cities -- 10.3 Challenges of Source Separation and Decentralization in Cities -- 10.3.1 The challenge of transport -- 10.3.2 The challenge of developing treatment processes -- 10.4 Transition -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Hygiene, a major challenge for source separation and decentralization -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Hazard Identification in a System Perspective -- 11.3 Human Exposure Assessment -- 11.4 Treatment Barriers and Examples of Their Reduction Efficiency -- 11.5 Quantifications of Risks and Risk-Benefit Strategies -- 11.6 Future Challenges and Knowledge Gaps -- References -- Chapter 12: Closing the loop: Recycling nutrients to agriculture -- 12.1 Nutrient Balance Close to Crop Removal -- 12.2 Source-Separated Toilet Wastes are Unique Biological Fertilizers -- 12.3 Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizers Used in Practice -- 12.4 Economic and GWP Value of Nutrients -- 12.5 Urine is Very Low in Pollutants -- 12.6 Low Hygiene Risk -- 12.7 Spreading Machinery -- 12.8 The Farmer -- Businessman, Soil Steward and Entrepreneur -- References -- Chapter 13: The potential of control and monitoring -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Instrumentation, control and automation aspects -- 13.2 The Influent -- 13.3 Treatment Technologies -- 13.4 Instrumentation -- 13.5 Monitoring -- 13.6 Actuators -- 13.7 Operating Competence -- 13.8 The Need for Standardization -- 13.9 Conclusions -- References |
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Chapter 14: High acceptance of source-separating technologies -- but ... -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Social Science Methods -- 14.2.1 Quantitative questionnaire surveys -- 14.2.2 Qualitative methods -- 14.3 Acceptance of Nomix Technology -- 14.3.1 Some results from qualitative approaches -- 14.3.2 Results from quantitative approaches -- 14.4 Acceptance of Urine-Based Fertilizers -- 14.5 Technology Requirements and Outlook -- 14.5.1 Drawbacks of NoMix toilets for users -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Market success of on-site treatment: a systemic innovation problem -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Systemic Innovation Problem -- 15.3 The German On-Site Industry -- 15.4 Major Innovation Challenges -- 15.5 Three Potential Trajectories -- 15.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Potential technologies for source separation -- Chapter 16: Conceptualizing sanitation systems to account for new complexities in processing and management -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Emerging Products -- 16.3 Functional Groups for Targeted Product Processing -- 16.3.1 User interface -- 16.3.2 Collection and storage -- 16.3.3 Conveyance -- 16.3.4 Treatment -- 16.3.5 Use and disposal -- 16.4 Operation and Management: Implications for System Boundaries -- 16.4.1 User interface -- 16.4.2 Collection and storage -- 16.4.3 Conveyance -- 16.4.4 Treatment -- 16.4.5 Use and disposal -- 16.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 17: Wastewater composition -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Domestic Wastewater Flows -- 17.3 Wastewater Flow Patterns -- 17.4 Blackwater -- 17.4.1 Yellowwater -- 17.4.2 Brownwater -- 17.5 Greywater -- 17.6 Proportional Contribution of Nutrients and Organics -- 17.7 Discussion and Significance -- References -- Chapter 18: Treatment of the solid fraction -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Composition of Faecal Solids |
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18.3 Treatment Goals -- 18.4 Composting -- 18.4.1 Process description -- 18.4.2 Stage of development -- 18.4.3 Operational requirements -- 18.4.4 Environmental and health concerns -- 18.4.5 Configurations -- 18.5 Vermicomposting -- 18.5.1 Process description -- 18.5.2 Stage of development -- 18.5.3 Operational requirements -- 18.5.4 Environmental and health concerns -- 18.5.5 Configurations -- 18.6 Terra Preta Sanitation -- 18.6.1 Process description and stage of development -- 18.6.2 Operational requirements -- 18.6.3 Environmental and health concerns -- 18.6.4 Configuration -- 18.7 Dehydration -- 18.7.1 Process description -- 18.7.2 Stage of development -- 18.7.3 Operational requirements -- 18.7.4 Environmental and health concerns -- 18.7.5 Configurations -- 18.8 Pasteurization -- 18.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 19: Aerobic elimination of organics and pathogens: greywater treatment -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Composition and Treatability -- 19.2.1 Organic compounds -- 19.2.2 Xenobiotics -- 19.2.3 Pathogens -- 19.3 Technologies for Aerobic Treatment -- 19.3.1 Removal of organic compounds -- 19.3.2 Xenobiotics removal -- 19.3.3 Pathogen removal -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Biological nitrogen conversion processes -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Biological Nitrogen Conversion -- 20.2.1 Nitrogen uptake -- 20.2.2 Nitrification -- 20.2.3 Heterotrophic denitrification -- 20.2.4 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox) -- 20.3 Nitrogen Stabilization in Urine -- 20.3.1 Conditions in stored urine -- 20.3.2 Nitrification without base dosage -- 20.3.3 Complete ammonia oxidation with base dosage -- 20.3.4 Use of nitrified urine -- 20.4 Nitrogen Removal from Urine -- 20.4.1 Nitritation/anammox in a two-reactor set-up -- 20.4.2 Nitritation/anammox in a single reactor -- 20.5 Nitrogen Removal from Blackwater |
| Summary |
Is sewer-based wastewater treatment really the optimal technical solution in urban water management? This paradigm is increasingly being questioned. Growing water scarcity and the insight that water will be an important limiting factor for the quality of urban life are main drivers for new approaches in wastewater management. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management sets up a comprehensive view of the resources involved in urban water management. It explores the potential of source separation and decentralization to provide viable alternatives to sewer-based urban water management. During the 1990s, several research groups started working on source-separating technologies for wastewater treatment. Source separation was not new, but had only been propagated as a cheap and environmentally friendly technology for the poor. The novelty was the discussion whether source separation could be a sustainable alternative to existing end-of-pipe systems, even in urban areas and industrialized countries. Since then, sustainable resource management and many different source-separating technologies have been investigated. The theoretical framework and also possible technologies have now developed to a more mature state. At the same time, many interesting technologies to process combined or concentrated wastewaters have evolved, which are equally suited for the treatment of source-separated domestic wastewater. The book presents a comprehensive view of the state of the art of source separation and decentralization. It discusses the technical possibilities and practical experience with source separation in different countries around the world. The area is in rapid development, but many of the fundamental insights presented in this book will stay valid. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management is intended for all professionals and researchers interested in wastewater management, whether or not they are familiar with source separation |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode |
| Subject |
Water-supply engineering.
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Water -- Purification -- Particle removal.
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Municipal water supply -- Environmental aspects
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Water supply & treatment.
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SCIENCE -- Applied Sciences.
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Environmental -- General.
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Municipal water supply -- Environmental aspects.
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Water -- Purification -- Particle removal.
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Water-supply engineering.
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Larsen, Tove A., editor
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| ISBN |
9781780401072 |
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1780401078 |
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9781680155631 |
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1680155636 |
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9781843393481 |
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1843393484 |
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