| Description |
1 online resource (380 p.) |
| Contents |
Intro -- Contents -- 1: The Roots of Courage -- Life, Power, and Truth -- The Origins of Courage -- Courage Throughout History -- Methodological Remarks -- Reference -- 2: Fearlessness and Fate in Ancient Greece -- Lion-hearted Heracles, Achilles, and Ulysses -- Women Without Fear: Euripides, Sophocles, and Aristophanes -- Euripides -- Sophocles -- Aristophanes -- References -- 3: Soldierly Courage and Wisdom -- The Invention of History: Herodotus and Thucydides -- Facts and Fables of World History: Diodorus of Sicily -- The Laws of Physis: From Hippocrates to Galen -- References |
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4: Wisdom Above Soldierly Courage -- The Unity and Rank-ordering of Virtue: Plato -- Education and Battles for Justice: Isocrates and Lysias -- Aristotle's Happy Mean -- The Art of Persuasion: Demosthenes -- Physis, Polis, and Logos -- References -- 5: Wisdom as Courage -- Socrates Questioning -- Questioning Socrates -- References -- 6: The Courage of Natural Living -- The Wisdom of Simple Pleasures: Epicurus -- Freedom from Irrational Passions: Stoicism -- References -- 7: Courage, Wisdom, and Mysticism -- Ascending to the Divine: Pythagoreanism |
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The All-Soul and the Divine Intellect: Porphyry and Plotinus -- Jewish Piety and Perfection of the Soul: Philo of Alexandria -- References -- 8: Fear and Love in Early Christianity -- Strength in Fear and Faith in the Holy Writ -- Fear of God and Fearless Martyrdom -- Gnostic Love and the Futility of Courage -- References -- 9: Living, Conquering, and Ruling -- Self-killing and Martyrdom: Clement of Rome and Athanasius -- Victorious Rulers and Soldiers of Christ -- Beyond Fear and Faith-based Courage -- References -- 10: Overtures to Reason and the Gift of Love |
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Wavering Between Reason and Religion: Origen and Lactantius -- Virtue Received from God: Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine of Hippo -- References -- 11: Freedom and the Wisdom of Love and Fortitude -- Paradise and Fortitude of the Mind: Ambrose -- Conscience, Fear, and Love: John Cassian and John Chrysostom -- References -- 12: Courage in the Early Middle Ages and Islam -- Varieties of Courage in Gethsemane -- Courage in the Early Middle Ages -- Islam in Greek Garb: Averroes (Ibn Rushd) -- References -- 13: Crusading and Dying for Christ -- Fear and War: Bernard of Clairvaux and Ramon Llull |
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Logic, Causality, and Metaphor: Bonaventure -- God, Courage, and the Common Good: Avicenna and Albert the Great -- References -- 14: Reason, Faith, and Charity -- Levels of Fear and Love: Peter Lombard -- Courage Perfected with Divine Love: Philip the Chancellor -- God, Reason, Justice, and Fortitude: Thomas Aquinas -- References -- 15: Intentionality and Powers of the Will -- Charity and Intentional Consent: Peter Abelard -- The Will Above All Else: Duns Scotus -- Fighting Off and Enduring What Needs to Be Fought and Endured -- The Mind Proposes, the Will Disposes |
| Summary |
This two-volume work examines far-reaching debates on the concept of courage from Greek antiquity to the Christian and mediaeval periods, as well as the modern era. Volume 1 begins with Homeric poetry and the politics of fearless demi-gods thriving on war. The tales of lion-hearted Heracles, Achilles, and Ulysses, and their tragic fall at the hands of fate, eventually give way to classical views of courage based on competing theories of rational wisdom and truth. Fears of the enemy and anxieties about suffering and death are addressed through the lenses and teachings of medicine, geography, military history, moral philosophy, and metaphysics. For early Christian thinkers, the ethics of fear, fate, and fealty to the Almighty supplant the voice of reason and the wisdom of virtue. Much of Christian doctrine's history is a long journey towards bridging the gap between Greek philosophy and devotion to God and spirits in heaven. Some Church Fathers attempt to dispel the fear of suffering through a joyful craving for martyrdom and the eternal blessings that follow. Others show openness to one or more of the following principles: the abstractions of moral philosophy, the metaphysics of Gnostic enlightenment, the gift of free will and intentionality, the growth of church authority and hegemony, and the intrinsic worth of life on Earth. Augustine, Ambrose, Cassian, and Chrysostom play a central role in revisiting the foundations of Christian fortitude along some or all of these lines. They lay the groundwork for the scholastic adaptations of faith-based rationalism proposed by Peter Lombard, Philip the Chancellor, Albert the Great, and Thomas of Aquinas. The mediaeval period ends with church dissidents and Protestant Reform leaders condemning Romes corruption and calling for a return to early Christian faith and the courage of godly fear, submission, suffering, and fate. Jacques M. Chevalier is Chancellor's Professor Emeritus at Carleton University, Canada |
| Notes |
The Body Predisposes, the Will Disposes |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references |
| Notes |
Print version record |
| Subject |
Courage -- Moral and ethical aspects
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Courage -- Social aspects -- History
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Courage -- Moral and ethical aspects.
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| Genre/Form |
History.
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9783031327391 |
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303132739X |
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