| Description |
xix, 597 pages : color illustrations, color maps ; 28 cm |
| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction To Planet "Earth" -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 1.1.How Are Earth's Oceans Unique? -- Earth's Amazing Oceans -- How Many Oceans Exist on Earth? -- The Four Principal Oceans, Plus One -- Oceans versus Seas -- 1.2.How Was Early Exploration of the Oceans Achieved? -- Early History -- Diving Deeper 1.1 Historical Feature How Do Sailors Know Where They Are at Sea? From Stick Charts to Satellites -- The Middle Ages -- The Age of Discovery in Europe -- The Beginning of Voyaging for Science -- History of Oceanography ... To Be Continued -- 1.3.What Is Oceanography? -- 1.4.What Is the Nature of Scientific Inquiry? -- Observations -- Hypothesis -- Testing -- Theory -- Theories and the Truth -- 1.5.How Were Earth and the Solar System Formed? -- The Nebular Hypothesis -- Proto-Earth -- Density and Density Stratification -- Earth's Internal Structure -- 1.6.How Were Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Formed? -- Origin of Earth's Atmosphere -- |
|
Contents note continued: Origin of Earth's Oceans -- 1.7.Did Life Begin in the Oceans? -- The Importance of Oxygen to Life -- Stanley Miller's Experiment -- Evolution and Natural Selection -- Plants and Animals Evolve -- Diving Deeper 1.2 Historical Feature The Voyage of HMS Beagle: How It Shaped Charles Darwin's Thinking about the Theory of Evolution -- 1.8.How Old Is Earth? -- Radiometric Age Dating -- The Geologic Time Scale -- Essential Concepts Review -- 2.Plate Tectonics And The Ocean Floor -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 2.1.What Evidence Supports Continental Drift? -- Fit of the Continents -- Matching Sequences of Rocks and Mountain Chains -- Glacial Ages and Other Climate Evidence -- Distribution of Organisms -- Objections to the Continental Drift Model -- 2.2.What Evidence Supports Plate Tectonics? -- Earth's Magnetic Field and Paleomagnetism -- Sea Floor Spreading and Features of the Ocean Basins -- Diving Deeper 2.1 Research Methods In Oceanography -- |
|
Contents note continued: Using Moving Continents to Resolve an Apparent Dilemma: Did Earth Ever Have Two Wandering North Magnetic Poles? -- Other Evidence from the Ocean Basins -- Detecting Plate Motion with Satellites -- The Acceptance of a Theory -- 2.3.What Features Occur at Plate Boundaries? -- Divergent Boundary Features -- Convergent Boundary Features -- Transform Boundary Features -- 2.4.Testing the Model: How Can Plate Tectonics Be Used as a Working Model? -- Hotspots and Mantle Plumes -- Seamounts and Tablemounts -- Coral Reef Development -- 2.5.How Has Earth Changed in the Past, and How Will it Look in the Future? -- The Past: Paleogeography -- The Future: Some Bold Predictions -- A Predictive Model: The Wilson Cycle -- Essential Concepts Review -- 3.Marine Provinces -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 3.1.What Techniques Are Used to Determine Ocean Bathymetry? -- Soundings -- Echo Soundings -- Using Satellites to Map Ocean Properties from Space -- |
|
Contents note continued: Seismic Reflection Profiles -- 3.2.What Features Exist on Continental Margins? -- Passive versus Active Continental Margins -- Continental Shelf -- Continental Slope -- Submarine Canyons and Turbidity Currents -- Continental Rise -- 3.3.What Features Exist in the Deep-Ocean Basins? -- Abyssal Plains -- Volcanic Peaks of the Abyssal Plains -- Ocean Trenches and Volcanic Arcs -- 3.4.What Features Exist along the Mid-Ocean Ridge? -- Volcanic Features -- Hydrothermal Vents -- Diving Deeper 3.1 Research Methods In Oceanography Earth's Hypsographic Curve: Nearly Everything You Need to Know about Earth's Oceans and Landmasses in One Graph -- Diving Deeper 3.2 Research Methods In Oceanography Now You See It Now You Don't: Recovering Oceanographic Equipment Stuck in Lava -- Fracture Zones and Transform Faults -- Oceanic Islands -- Essential Concepts Review -- 4.Marine Sediments -- Essential Learning Concepts -- |
|
Contents note continued: 4.1.How Are Marine Sediments Collected, and What Historical Events Do They Reveal? -- Collecting Marine Sediments -- Environmental Conditions Revealed by Marine Sediments -- Paleoceanography -- 4.2.What Are the Characteristics of Lithogenous Sediment? -- Origin of Lithogenous Sediment -- Composition of Lithogenous Sediment -- Sediment Texture -- Distribution of Lithogenous Sediment -- 4.3.What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment? -- Origin of Biogenous Sediment -- Composition of Biogenous Sediment -- Diving Deeper 4.1 Oceans And People Diatoms: The Most Important Things You Have (Probably) Never Heard Of -- Distribution of Biogenous Sediment -- 4.4.What Are the Characteristics of Hydrogenous Sediment? -- Origin of Hydrogenous Sediment -- Composition and Distribution of Hydrogenous Sediment -- 4.5.What Are the Characteristics of Cosmogenous Sediment? -- Origin, Composition, and Distribution of Cosmogenous Sediment -- |
|
Contents note continued: 4.6.How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed? -- Mixtures of Marine Sediment -- Neritic Deposits -- Pelagic Deposits -- How Sea Floor Sediments Represent Surface Conditions -- Worldwide Thickness of Marine Sediments -- 4.7.What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide? -- Energy Resources -- Other Resources -- Essential Concepts Review -- 5.Water And Seawater -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 5.1.Why Does Water Have Such Unusual Chemical Properties? -- Atomic Structure -- The Water Molecule -- 5.2.What Important Physical Properties Does Water Possess? -- Water's Thermal Properties -- Water Density as a Result of Thermal Contraction -- 5.3.How Salty Is Seawater? -- Salinity -- Determining Salinity -- Diving Deeper 5.1 Oceans And People How to Avoid Goiters -- Comparing Pure Water and Seawater -- 5.4.Why Does Seawater Salinity Vary? -- Salinity Variations -- Processes Affecting Seawater Salinity -- |
|
Contents note continued: Dissolved Components Added to and Removed from Seawater -- 5.5.Is Seawater Acidic or Basic? -- The pH Scale -- The Carbonate Buffering System -- 5.6.How Does Seawater Salinity Vary at the Surface and with Depth? -- Surface Salinity Variation -- Salinity Variation with Depth -- Halocline -- 5.7.How Does Seawater Density Vary with Depth? -- Factors Affecting Seawater Density -- Temperature and Density Variation with Depth -- Thermocline and Pycnocline -- 5.8.What Methods Are Used to Desalinate Seawater? -- Distillation -- Membrane Processes -- Other Methods of Desalination -- Essential Concepts Review -- 6.Air---Sea Interaction -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 6.1.What Causes Variations in Solar Radiation on Earth? -- What Causes Earth's Seasons? -- How Latitude Affects the Distribution of Solar Radiation -- Oceanic Heat Flow -- 6.2.What Physical Properties Does the Atmosphere Possess? -- Composition of the Atmosphere -- |
|
Contents note continued: Temperature Variation in the Atmosphere -- Density Variation in the Atmosphere -- Atmospheric Water Vapor Content -- Atmospheric Pressure -- Movement of the Atmosphere -- An Example: A Nonspinning Earth -- 6.3.How Does the Coriolis Effect Influence Moving Objects? -- Example 1 Perspectives and Frames of Reference on a Merry-Go-Round -- Example 2 A Tale of Two Missiles -- Changes in the Coriolis Effect with Latitude -- 6.4.What Global Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Exist? -- Circulation Cells -- Pressure -- Wind Belts -- Boundaries -- Circulation Cells: Idealized or Real? -- 6.5.How Does the Ocean Influence Global Weather Phenomena and Climate Patterns? -- Weather versus Climate -- Winds -- Diving Deeper 6.1 Historical Feature Why Christopher Columbus Never Set Foot on North America -- Storms and Fronts -- Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes) -- The Ocean's Climate Patterns -- 6.6.How Do Sea Ice and Icebergs Form? -- Formation of Sea Ice -- |
|
Contents note continued: Formation of Icebergs -- 6.7.Can Power from Wind Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy? -- Essential Concepts Review -- 7.Ocean Circulation -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 7.1.How Are Ocean Currents Measured? -- Surface Current Measurement -- Diving Deeper 7.1 Oceans And People Running Shoes as Drift Meters: Just Do It -- Deep Current Measurement -- 7.2.What Creates Ocean Surface Currents and How Are They Organized? -- Origin of Surface Currents -- Main Components of Ocean Surface Circulation -- Other Factors Affecting Ocean Surface Circulation -- Ocean Currents and Climate -- 7.3.What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling? -- Diverging Surface Water -- Converging Surface Water -- Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling -- Other Causes of Upwelling -- 7.4.What Are the Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean Basin? -- Antarctic Circulation -- Atlantic Ocean Circulation -- |
|
Contents note continued: Diving Deeper 7.2 Historical Feature Benjamin Franklin: The World's Most Famous Physical Oceanographer -- Indian Ocean Circulation -- Pacific Ocean Circulation -- 7.5.How Do Deep-Ocean Currents Form? -- Origin of Thermohaline Circulation -- Sources of Deep Water -- Worldwide Deep-Water Circulation -- 7.6.Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy? -- Essential Concepts Review -- 8.Waves And Water Dynamics -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 8.1.How Are Waves Generated, and How Do They Move? -- Disturbances Generate Ocean Waves -- Wave Movement -- 8.2.What Characteristics Do Waves Possess? -- Wave Terminology -- Circular Orbital Motion -- Deep-Water Waves -- Shallow-Water Waves -- Transitional Waves -- 8.3.How Do Wind-Generated Waves Develop? -- Wave Development -- Interference Patterns -- Rogue Waves -- 8.4.How Do Waves Change in the Surf Zone? -- Physical Changes as Waves Approach Shore -- Breakers and Surfing -- Wave Refraction -- |
|
Contents note continued: Wave Reflection -- 8.5.How Are Tsunami Created? -- Coastal Effects -- Some Examples of Historic and Recent Tsunami -- Tsunami Warning System -- Diving Deeper 8.1 Oceans And People Waves of Destruction: The 2011 Japanese Tsunami -- 8.6.Can Power from Waves Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy? -- Wave Power Plants and Wave Farms -- Global Coastal Wave Energy Resources -- Essential Concepts Review -- 9.Tides -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 9.1.What Causes Ocean Tides? -- Tide-Generating Forces -- Tidal Bulges: The Moon's Effect -- Tidal Bulges: The Sun's Effect -- Earth's Rotation and the Tides -- 9.2.How Do Tides Vary during a Monthly Tidal Cycle? -- The Monthly Tidal Cycle -- Complicating Factors -- Idealized Tide Prediction -- 9.3.What Do Tides Look Like in the Ocean? -- Amphidromic Points and Cotidal Lines -- Effect of the Continents -- Other Considerations -- 9.4.What Types of Tidal Patterns Exist? -- Diurnal Tidal Pattern -- |
|
Contents note continued: Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern -- Mixed Tidal Pattern -- 9.5.What Tidal Phenomena Occur in Coastal Regions? -- An Example of Tidal Extremes: The Bay of Fundy -- Diving Deeper 9.1 Oceans And People Tidal Bores: Boring Waves These Are Not! -- Coastal Tidal Currents -- Whirlpools: Fact or Fiction? -- Grunion: Doing What Comes Naturally on the Beach -- 9.6.Can Tidal Power Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy? -- Tidal Power Plants -- Essential Concepts Review -- 10.Beaches, Shoreline Processes, And The Coastal Ocean -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 10.1.How Are Coastal Regions Defined? -- Beach Terminology -- Beach Composition -- 10.2.How Does Sand Move on the Beach? -- Movement Perpendicular to the Shoreline -- Movement Parallel to the Shoreline -- 10.3.What Features Exist along Erosional and Depositional Shores? -- Features of Erosional Shores -- Diving Deeper 10.1 Oceans And People Warning: Rip Currents Do You Know What to Do? -- |
|
Contents note continued: Features of Depositional Shores -- 10.4.How Do Changes in Sea Level Produce Emerging and Submerging Shorelines? -- Features of Emerging Shorelines -- Features of Submerging Shorelines -- Changes in Sea Level -- 10.5.How Does Hard Stabilization Affect Coastlines? -- Groins and Groin Fields -- Jetties -- Breakwaters -- Seawalls -- Alternatives to Hard Stabilization -- 10.6.What are the Characteristics and Types of Coastal Waters? -- Characteristics of Coastal Waters -- Estuaries -- Lagoons -- Marginal Seas -- 10.7.What Issues Face Coastal Wetlands? -- Types of Coastal Wetlands -- Characteristics of Coastal Wetlands -- Serious Loss of Valuable Wetlands -- Essential Concepts Review -- 11.Marine Pollution -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 11.1.What Is Pollution? -- Marine Pollution: A Definition -- Environmental Bioassay -- The Issue of Waste Disposal in the Ocean -- 11.2.What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Petroleum Pollution? -- |
|
Contents note continued: The 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill -- Other Oil Spills -- Diving Deeper 11.1 Focus On The Environment The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill -- 11.3.What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-Petroleum Chemical Pollution? -- Sewage Sludge -- DDT and PCBs -- Mercury and Minamata Disease -- Other Types of Chemical Pollutants -- 11.4.What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Non-point Source Pollution, Including Trash? -- Non-point Source Pollution and Trash -- Plastics as Marine Debris -- 11.5.What Marine Environmental Problems Are Associated with Biological Pollution? -- The Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia -- Zebra Mussels -- Other Notable Examples of Marine Biological Pollution -- 11.6.What Laws Govern Ocean Ownership? -- Mare Liberum and the Territorial Sea -- Law of the Sea -- Essential Concepts Review -- 12.Marine Life And The Marine Environment -- Essential Learning Concepts -- |
|
Contents note continued: 12.1.What Are Living Things, and How Are They Classified? -- A Working Definition of Life -- The Three Domains of Life -- The Six Kingdoms of Organisms -- Linnaeus and Taxonomic Classification -- 12.2.How Are Marine Organisms Classified? -- Plankton (Drifters) -- Nekton (Swimmers) -- Benthos (Bottom Dwellers) -- 12.3.How Many Marine Species Exist? -- Why Are There So Few Marine Species? -- Species in Pelagic and Benthic Environments -- 12.4.How Are Marine Organisms Adapted to the Physical Conditions of the Ocean? -- Need for Physical Support -- Water's Viscosity -- Temperature -- Salinity -- Dissolved Gases -- Water's High Transparency -- Pressure -- Diving Deeper 12.1 Historical Feature Diving into the Marine Environment -- 12.5.What Are the Main Divisions of the Marine Environment? -- Pelagic (Open Sea) Environment -- Benthic (Sea Bottom) Environment -- Essential Concepts Review -- 13.Biological Productivity And Energy Transfer -- |
|
Contents note continued: Essential Learning Concepts -- 13.1.What Is Primary Productivity? -- Measurement of Primary Productivity -- Factors Affecting Primary Productivity -- Light Transmission in Ocean Water -- Why Are the Margins of the Oceans So Rich in Life? -- 13.2.What Kinds of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist? -- Seed-Bearing Plants (Anthophyta) -- Macroscopic (Large) Algae -- Microscopic (Small) Algae -- Ocean Eutrophication and Dead Zones -- Photosynthetic Bacteria -- 13.3.How Does Regional Primary Productivity Vary? -- Productivity in Polar (High Latitude) Oceans: 60 to 90 degrees North and South Latitude -- Productivity in Tropical (Low-Latitude) Oceans: 0 to 30 degrees North and South Latitude -- Productivity in Temperate (Middle Latitude) Oceans: 30 to 60 degrees North and South Latitude -- Comparing Regional Productivity -- 13.4.How Are Energy and Nutrients Passed Along in Marine Ecosystems? -- Flow of Energy in Marine Ecosystems -- |
|
Contents note continued: Flow of Nutrients in Marine Ecosystems -- Oceanic Feeding Relationships -- 13.5.What Issues Affect Marine Fisheries? -- Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries -- Overfishing -- Incidental Catch -- Diving Deeper 13.1 Focus On The Environment Fishing down the Food Web: Seeing Is Believing -- Fisheries Management -- Effect of Global Climate Change on Marine Fisheries -- Seafood Choices -- Essential Concepts Review -- 14.Animals Of The Pelagic Environment -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 14.1.How Are Marine Organisms Able to Stay Above the Ocean Floor? -- Use of Gas Containers -- Ability to Float -- Ability to Swim -- The Diversity of Planktonic Animals -- 14.2.What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess for Seeking Prey? -- Mobility: Lungers versus Cruisers -- Swimming Speed -- Diving Deeper 14.1 Oceans And People Some Myths (and Facts) about Sharks -- Adaptations of Deep-Water Nekton -- 14.3.What Adaptations Do Pelagic Organisms Possess to Avoid Being Prey? -- |
|
Contents note continued: Schooling -- Symbiosis -- Other Adaptations -- 14.4.What Characteristics Do Marine Mammals Possess? -- Mammalian Characteristics -- Order Carnivora -- Order Sirenia -- Order Cetacea -- 14.5.An Example of Migration: Why Do Gray Whales Migrate? -- Migration Route -- Reasons for Migration -- Timing of Migration -- Are Gray Whales an Endangered Species? -- Whaling and the International Whaling Commission -- Essential Concepts Review -- 15.Animals Of The Benthic Environment -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 15.1.What Communities Exist along Rocky Shores? -- Intertidal Zonation -- The Spray (Supratidal) Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- The High Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- The Middle Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- The Low Tide Zone: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- 15.2.What Communities Exist along Sediment-Covered Shores? -- Physical Environment of the Sediment -- Intertidal Zonation -- |
|
Contents note continued: Sandy Beaches: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- Mud Flats Organisms and Their Adaptations -- 15.3.What Communities Exist on the Shallow Offshore Ocean Floor? -- Rocky Bottoms (Subtidal): Organisms and Their Adaptations -- Coral Reefs: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- 15.4.What Communities Exist on the Deep-Ocean Floor? -- The Physical Environment -- Food Sources and Species Diversity -- Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- Diving Deeper 15.1 Research Methods In Oceanography How Long Would Your Remains Remain on the Sea Floor? -- Low-Temperature Seep Biocommunities: Organisms and Their Adaptations -- The Deep Biosphere: A New Frontier -- Essential Concepts Review -- 16.The Oceans And Climate Change -- Essential Learning Concepts -- 16.1.What Comprises Earth's Climate System? -- 16.2.Earth's Recent Climate Change: Is It Natural or Caused by Human Influence? -- |
|
Contents note continued: Determining Earth's Past Climate: Proxy Data and Paleoclimatology -- Natural Causes of Climate Change -- The IPCC: Documenting Human-Caused Climate Change -- 16.3.What Causes the Atmosphere's Greenhouse Effect? -- Earth's Heat Budget and Changes in Wavelength -- Which Gases Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect? -- Diving Deeper 16.1 Research Methods In Oceanography The Iconic Keeling Curve of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Father-Son Team Who Created It -- Other considerations: Aerosols -- What Documented Changes Are Occurring Because of Global Warming? -- 16.4.What Changes Are Occurring in the Oceans as a Result of Global Warming? -- Increasing Ocean Temperatures -- Changes in Deep-Water Circulation -- Melting of Polar Ice -- Recent Increase in Ocean Acidity -- Rising Sea Level -- Other Predicted and Observed Changes -- 16.5.What Should Be Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gases? -- The Ocean's Role in Reducing Global Warming -- |
|
Contents note continued: Possibilities for Reducing Greenhouse Gases -- The Kyoto Protocol: Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Essential Concepts Review -- Afterword -- Appendix I Metric and English Units Compared -- Appendix II Geographic Locations -- Appendix III Latitude and Longitude on Earth -- Appendix IV A Chemical Background: Why Water Has Two Hs and One 0 (Online as MasteringOceanography Bonus Web Content) Appendix V Careers in Oceanography |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Subject |
Oceanography -- Textbooks.
|
| Genre/Form |
Textbooks.
|
| Author |
Thurman, Harold V.
|
| LC no. |
2015035841 |
| ISBN |
9780134073545 (alkaline paper) |
|
0134073541 (alkaline paper) |
