| Description |
1 online resource (547 pages) |
| Series |
Aerospace Series |
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Aerospace Series
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| Contents |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- About the Companion Website -- Chapter 1 Sustainable Aviation: An Introduction -- 1.1 Sustainability Fundamentals -- 1.2 International Policy Framework -- 1.3 Sustainability Agenda -- 1.4 Emission Taxes, Trading and Offsetting -- 1.5 ATM and Avionics Systems -- 1.6 Lightweight Structures and Materials -- 1.7 Advanced Aerodynamic Configurations -- 1.8 Advanced Propulsion Concepts -- 1.9 Alternative Aviation Fuels -- 1.10 Systems Engineering Evolutions -- 1.11 Airport Evolutions -- 1.12 Safety and Security Provisions -- References -- Part I Aviation Sustainability Fundamentals -- Chapter 2 Climate Impacts of Aviation -- 2.1 Introduction to Climate Change -- 2.2 Climate Change Metrics -- 2.2.1 Radiative Forcing -- 2.2.2 Radiative Forcing Index -- 2.2.3 Global Warming Potential -- 2.2.4 Global Temperature Change Potential -- 2.3 CO2 Emissions and their Impact on the Climate -- 2.4 Contrails and their Impact on the Climate -- 2.4.1 Jet Phase -- 2.4.2 Vortex Phase -- 2.4.3 Dispersion Phase -- 2.4.4 Radiative Forcing -- 2.5 Global Warming Forecasts -- References -- Chapter 3 Noise Pollution and Other Environmental and Health Impacts of Aviation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Atmospheric Pollutants -- 3.2.1 Carbon Species -- 3.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides and Ammonia -- 3.2.3 Particulate Matter -- 3.2.4 Sulphur Oxides -- 3.3 Noise Pollution -- 3.4 Sound Propagation -- 3.4.1 Sound Attenuation in the Atmosphere -- 3.4.1.1 Geometrical Divergence -- 3.4.1.2 Atmospheric Absorption -- 3.4.1.3 Ground Effect -- 3.4.1.4 Screening -- 3.4.1.5 Wind and Temperature Gradient Effects -- 3.4.1.6 Other Sound Attenuation Factors -- 3.5 Noise Management for Traditional Aircraft -- 3.6 Noise Management for Drones and Advanced Air Mobility |
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3.6.1 Emissions at Source and Certification Considerations -- 3.6.2 Human Perception -- 3.6.3 Flight Path Considerations -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Systems for Sustainable Aviation -- Chapter 4 Systems Engineering Evolutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Background -- 4.2 Systems-of-Systems Engineering: Defining the Civil Aviation Boundaries -- 4.3 Green Life Cycle Management -- 4.4 Supply Chain Architectures -- 4.5 Principles for Greener Design -- 4.5.1 Design for X (DfX) -- 4.5.2 Design for Environment (DfE) -- 4.6 Principles for Greener Manufacturing -- 4.7 More Sustainable Operations -- 4.7.1 Air Traffic Management -- 4.7.1.1 Departure Phase -- 4.7.1.2 Cruise Phase -- 4.7.1.3 Descent Phase -- 4.7.2 Trajectory Optimisation -- 4.8 Sustainment Practices -- 4.9 Logistics Support Concept -- 4.10 Effective Sustainment -- 4.10.1 Efficient Sustainment -- 4.11 Sustainable End-of-Life Management -- 4.12 Life Cycle Models -- 4.12.1 Waterfall Model Evaluation -- 4.12.2 Spiral Life Cycle Model Evaluation -- 4.12.3 V-Life Cycle Model Evaluation -- 4.13 Proposed Life Cycle Methodology -- 4.13.1 W-Model Flow -- References -- Chapter 5 Life Cycle Assessment for Carbon Neutrality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History -- 5.3 LCA Standards -- 5.4 Overview of LCA Applications -- 5.5 Types of LCA -- 5.5.1 Process-Based LCA -- 5.5.2 Streamlined LCA -- 5.5.3 Attributional vs. Consequential Approaches -- 5.5.4 Economic Input-Output LCA -- 5.5.5 Hybrid LCA -- 5.6 Principles of LCA -- 5.6.1 Definition of Goal and Scope -- 5.6.2 Inventory Modelling -- 5.6.3 Allocation Approaches -- 5.6.4 Inventory Modelling in Practice -- 5.6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment Modelling -- 5.6.6 Greenhouse Gas Emission Modelling -- 5.6.7 Depletion of Fossil Fuel Resources -- 5.6.8 Air Pollution Indicators -- 5.6.9 Interpretation -- 5.7 Aviation LCA Case Studies -- 5.7.1 Aircraft |
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5.7.2 Biofuels -- 5.7.3 Airport Operations -- 5.8 Trends and Outlook for LCA -- 5.8.1 Application in Policy -- 5.8.2 Inventory -- 5.8.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment -- 5.8.4 Extension of LCA into Other Sustainability Metrics -- References -- Chapter 6 Air Traffic Management and Avionics Systems Evolutions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Current Progress in the Modernisation Efforts -- 6.3 Role of ATM and Operational Innovations in Increasing Aviation Sustainability -- 6.4 ATFM and Demand-Capacity Balancing Evolutions -- 6.4.1 Dynamic Airspace Morphing -- 6.5 4D Trajectory Optimisation Strategies -- 6.6 Other Emerging Technologies -- 6.6.1 Artificial Intelligence and Task Redistribution -- 6.6.1.1 Airspace Restructuring -- 6.6.1.2 Human-Autonomy Interactions -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Optimisation of Flight Trajectories and Airspace -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Theoretical Framework -- 7.1.2 Optimal Control Problem -- 7.1.3 Dynamic Constraints -- 7.1.3.1 Path Constraints -- 7.1.3.2 Boundary Conditions -- 7.1.3.3 Cost Functions and Performance Indexes -- 7.1.3.4 Resulting Mathematical Formulation -- 7.1.4 Numerical Solution Techniques -- 7.1.4.1 Lagrangian Relaxation and First Order Optimality Conditions -- 7.1.4.2 Boundary-Value Problems -- 7.1.4.3 Iterative Solution of Unconstrained Nonlinear Programming Problems -- 7.1.5 Indirect Methods -- 7.1.5.1 Indirect Shooting -- 7.1.5.2 Indirect Multiple Shooting -- 7.1.5.3 Indirect Collocation -- 7.1.5.4 Limitations -- 7.1.6 Direct Methods -- 7.1.6.1 Direct Shooting -- 7.1.6.2 Multiple Direct Shooting -- 7.1.6.3 Local Collocation Methods -- 7.1.6.4 Global Collocation Methods -- 7.1.7 Heuristic Methods -- 7.1.8 Trajectory Optimisation in the Presence of Wind -- 7.1.9 Multi-Objective Optimality -- 7.1.9.1 Pareto Optimality -- 7.1.9.2 A Priori Articulation of Preferences |
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7.1.9.3 A Posteriori Articulation of Preferences -- 7.1.10 Conclusions -- 7.2 Emission Models and Environmental Optimality Criteria for Trajectory Optimisation -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Flight Dynamics -- 7.2.2.1 Rigid Body Models -- 7.2.2.2 Point-Mass Models -- 7.2.3 Turbofan and Turboprop Engine Models -- 7.2.4 Pollutant Emissions -- 7.2.5 Operational Costs -- 7.2.6 Atmosphere and Weather -- 7.2.7 Noise -- 7.2.8 Condensation Trails -- 7.2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Aerostructures and Propulsive Technologies -- Chapter 8 Advanced Aerodynamic Configurations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Wing Tip Design -- 8.3 Blended Wing-Body -- 8.3.1 BWB Noise Benefits -- 8.3.2 Propulsion Configurations -- 8.3.3 Emergency Exits -- 8.3.4 Cargo Considerations -- 8.4 Box Wing -- 8.5 Wing Morphing Technology -- 8.5.1 Camber Morphing -- 8.5.2 Morphing Control Surfaces -- 8.5.3 Span-Wise Morphing -- 8.5.4 Wing Twisting -- 8.6 Boundary Layer Control -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Lightweight Structures and Advanced Materials -- 9.1 Sustainability in Aerospace Materials and Structures -- 9.2 Structural Design Methodology -- 9.2.1 Lightweight Structures and Materials -- 9.2.2 Lightweight Structural Design -- 9.3 Damage Tolerant Structural Design -- 9.4 Traditional Materials for Light Weighting -- 9.5 New Materials for Light Weighting -- 9.5.1 Polymer Composites -- 9.5.2 Hybrid Composites - Fibre Metal Laminates (FMLs) -- 9.6 Natural Materials for Aerospace Applications -- 9.6.1 Natural Fibre Composites -- 9.6.2 Bio-polymer Composites -- 9.7 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10 Low-Emission Propulsive Technologies in Transport Aircraft -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Turbofan Emissions in Aviation -- 10.2.1 Environmental and Health Impacts of Aircraft Emissions -- 10.3 Increasing Engine Bypass Ratio -- 10.3.1 Geared Turbofan Engines |
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10.4 Carbon Fibre Composites -- 10.4.1 Evolution of Composite Materials in Turbofans -- 10.5 Low Emission Combustion Technologies -- 10.5.1 Rich-burn/Quick-quench/Lean-burn Combustion -- 10.5.2 Double Annular Combustor -- 10.5.3 Axially Staged Combustors -- 10.5.4 Lean Direct Injection -- 10.5.5 Multipoint Injection Integrated LDI -- 10.5.6 Twin Annular Premixing Swirler Combustion -- 10.5.7 Lean Premixed Pre-vaporised Combustors -- 10.5.8 Flameless Combustion -- 10.6 Casing Treatments -- 10.6.1 Stall Precursor-suppressed Casing Treatment -- 10.6.2 Recirculating Casing Treatment -- 10.7 Interstage Combustion and Combined Cycle Technologies -- 10.7.1 Intercooled and Recuperated Aeroengines -- 10.8 Thermofluidic Improvements -- 10.9 Integrated Health Monitoring and Engine Management Systems -- 10.10 Emissions Trends -- 10.10.1 Hybrid-Electric Distributed Propulsion -- 10.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Approved Drop-in Biofuels and Prospects for Alternative Aviation Fuels -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Currently Approved ATF Production Routes -- 11.3 Drop-in ATF Requirements -- 11.4 Reasons Behind ASTM D7566 Property Requirements -- 11.4.1 Heating Value and Density -- 11.4.2 Freezing Point and Fluidity at Low Temperatures -- 11.4.3 Combustion Cleanliness -- 11.4.4 Fuel System Compatibility -- 11.4.5 Flash Point, Thermal, and Oxidation Stability -- 11.4.6 Sulphur Content and Other Contaminants -- 11.5 Sustainable ATF Production -- 11.5.1 Production of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) SPK -- 11.5.2 Production of HEFA SPK -- 11.5.3 Production of SIP -- 11.5.4 Other Synthetic Kerosene Production Routes -- 11.5.5 Case Study: 'Sustainable Mallee Jet Fuel' -- 11.6 Past Use of Non-drop-in Alternative Fuels -- 11.7 Basic System Considerations for Alternative Fuels -- 11.7.1 Aircraft Design -- 11.7.2 Preliminary Performance Comparison |
| Summary |
"Sustainable Aviation Engineering introduces the key technology enablers and design techniques, as well as the latest regulations and the prominent international programmes, related to the environmental impact and sustainability of aviation. It begins with describing the various pollutants and noise generated during aircraft operations, condensation trails, as well as the governing physical phenomena involved. Mathematical elaboration of the aircraft dynamics and trajectory modelling is included and the mathematical formulation of typical business related aspects is introduced, derived from the operational cost breakdown analysis and including the charges associated to airline flights. Impacts related to the manufacturing and disposal of aircraft and equipment are discussed and innovative aircraft technologies and systems being developed to address the environmental impacts will also be covered. Sustainable Aviation Engineering considers the multi-objective trajectory optimisation problem and provides a set of solution methods for both offline strategic tasks and online tactical real-time implementations. Relevant multi-disciplinary design optimisation methods are described, together with innovative problem resolution techniques. A number of case studies are also included, addressing aircraft design, systems design and mission optimisation for environmentally sustainable aviation"-- Provided by publisher |
| Notes |
11.8 Future Prospects for Alternative, Non-drop-in Fuels |
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Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Subject |
Aeronautics -- Technological innovations
|
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Aerospace engineering.
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Sustainable development.
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sustainable development.
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Aeronautics -- Technological innovations
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Aerospace engineering
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Sustainable development
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Gardi, Alessandro
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| ISBN |
1118932609 |
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9781118932605 |
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1118932617 |
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9781118932612 |
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1118932595 |
|
9781118932599 |
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