Title Evidence-based climate science : data opposing CO2 emissions as the primary source of global warming / edited by Don J. Easterbrook

Edition Second edition Published Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2016

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Description 1 online resource Contents Front Cover -- EVIDENCE-BASED CLIMATE SCIENCE -- EVIDENCE-BASED CLIMATE SCIENCE: DATA OPPOSING CO2 EMISSIONS AS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF GLOBAL WARMING -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- I -- CLIMATIC PERSPECTIVES -- 1 -- Climate Perspectives -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE "97%" MYTH -- 3. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD VERSUS DOGMA -- 4. COMPARISON OF COMPUTER MODELING OF CLIMATE WITH MEASURED TEMPERATURES -- 5. NO GLOBAL WARMING FOR 18 YEARS AND 8 MONTHS -- 6. HOTTEST-YEAR-EVER CLAIMS -- 7. DATA CORRUPTION -- 8. THE PAST IS THE KEY TO THE FUTURE -- References -- II -- TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS -- 2 -- A Critical Look at Surface Temperature Records -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE GLOBAL DATA CENTERS -- 3. THE GOLDEN AGE OF SURFACE OBSERVATION -- 4. VANISHING STATIONS -- 5. SEE FOR YOURSELF: THE DATA ARE A MESS -- 6. STATION DROPOUT WAS NOT TOTALLY RANDOM -- 6.1. Canada -- 6.2. New Zealand and Australia -- 6.3. Turkey -- 7. INSTRUMENT CHANGES AND SITING -- 8. ALONG COMES "MODERNIZATION" -- 9. ADJUSTMENTS NOT MADE, OR MADE BADLY -- 10. HEAT FROM POPULATION GROWTH AND LAND-USE CHANGES -- 10.1. Urban Heat Island -- 11. U.S. CLIMATE DATA -- 12. U.S. STATE HEAT RECORDS SUGGEST RECENT DECADES ARE NOT THE WARMEST -- 13. MAJOR CHANGES TO USHCN IN 2007 -- 14. HADLEY AND NOAA -- 15. FINAL ADJUSTMENTS: HOMOGENIZATION -- 16. PROBLEMS WITH SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS -- 17. LONG-TERM TRENDS -- 18. SUMMARY -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- Is the NASA Surface Temperature Record an Accurate Representation? -- 4 -- In the Climate Debate, Hear Both Sides -- 1. ARE TODAY'S TEMPERATURE CHANGES UNPRECEDENTED? -- 2. WAS THE GLACIAL-TO-INTERGLACIAL GLOBAL WARMING AS LITTLE AS 3°C? -- 3. WAS 2014 "THE WARMEST YEAR ON RECORD"? AND DOES IT MATTER? -- 4. WHAT IS THE IDEAL UNITED KINGDOM AND GLOBAL TEMPERATURE? 5. STRETCHING THE VERTICAL AXIS OF THE TEMPERATURE GRAPH -- 6. IMAGINED EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING -- 7. IS SEA ICE REALLY DECLINING RAPIDLY? -- 8. RISING CO2 CONCENTRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON GLOBAL TEMPERATURE -- 9. ARE THE COMPUTER MODELS OF CLIMATE RELIABLE? -- 10. HAS CLIMATE SCIENCE BECOME DISHONEST? -- 11. ARE FLOODS AND DROUGHTS WORSENING AND CROPS FAILING AS PREDICTED? -- 12. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 5 -- Southeast Australian Maximum Temperature Trends, 1887-2013: An Evidence-Based Reappraisal -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1 Choice of Locations and Start Date -- 2.2 Metadata and Regional Histories -- 2.3 Quality Control -- 2.4 Adjustments to the Deniliquin Record -- 2.5 Calculating the Weighted Mean for Southeast Australia -- 2.6 Calculating Trends -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1 Cape Otway Lighthouse -- 3.2 Wilson's Promontory Lighthouse -- 3.3 Hobart -- 3.4 Melbourne -- 3.5 Echuca -- 3.6 Deniliquin -- 3.7 Mean Maximum Temperatures for Southeast Australia -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- III -- EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS -- 6 -- Weather Extremes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS AND THE EARTH'S CLIMATE -- 3. HEAT EXTREMES -- 3.1 European Heat Wave of Summer 2003 -- 3.2 Russian Heat Wave of July 2010 -- 3.3 U.S. Summer 2012 Heat Wave -- 3.4 Pakistan/India Heat Wave of June 2015 -- 4. COLD EXTREMES -- 5. FLOODS AND DROUGHTS -- 5.1 Conterminous USA and Southern Canada -- 5.2 Droughts and Floods Globally -- 5.2.1 Pakistan Floods of 2010 -- 5.2.2 Bangladesh Flooding -- 6. TROPICAL CYCLONES AND TORNADOES -- 6.1 Tornadoes -- 7. ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO EXTREME WEATHER -- 8. HUMAN FATALITIES AND HEAT AND COLD EXTREMES -- 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 6. APPENDIX A: NOTABLE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS DURING THE 1945-1977 COOLING PERIOD -- IV -- POLAR ICE 7 -- Evidence That Antarctica Is Cooling, Not Warming -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ARE ANTARCTIC GLACIERS MELTING AT AN ACCELERATING RATE? -- 3. IS ANTARCTICA WARMING OR COOLING? -- 4. PHYSICAL DATA SHOW LACK OF ANTARCTIC WARMING -- 5. COOLING OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN AROUND ANTARCTICA -- 6. WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- 8. EVIDENCE OF STABILITY OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- 9. CREDIBILITY OF THE "UNSTOPPABLE COLLAPSE OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET" -- 9.1 Thickness of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 10. ISOSTATIC REBOUND -- 10.1 Geothermal Heat Flow Under the Ice Sheet -- 11. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 8 -- Temperature Fluctuations in Greenland and the Arctic -- 1. GREENLAND -- 1.1 Climate Changes in the Oxygen Isotope Record of Greenland Ice Cores -- 1.1.1 Late Pleistocene Abrupt Climate Changes -- 1.1.2 Magnitude and Rates of Climates Change -- 1.1.3 Holocene Temperatures -- 1.1.4 Minoan Warm Period -- 1.1.5 Roman Warm Period (250 BC-400 AD) -- 1.1.6 The Dark Ages (400-900 AD) -- 1.1.7 Medieval Warm Period (900-1300 AD) -- 1.1.8 The Little Ice Age (1300 AD to the 20th Century) -- 1.1.9 Wolf Minimum Cool Period (1280-1350 AD) -- 1.1.10 Spörer Minimum Cool Period (1460-1550 AD) -- 1.1.11 Maunder Minimum Cool Period (1645-1710 AD) -- 1.1.12 Dalton Minimum Cool Period (1790-1820 AD) -- 1.1.13 1880-1915 Cool Period -- 1.1.14 1945-1977 Cool Period -- 1.1.15 Significance of Greenland Climate Changes -- 2. THE ARCTIC -- 2.1 Arctic Temperature -- 2.2 Arctic Sea Ice -- References -- V -- CARBON DIOXIDE -- 9 -- Greenhouse Gases -- 1. ROLE OF WATER VAPOR -- 2. CARBON DIOXIDE -- 3. GLOBAL WARMING AND CO2 DURING THE PAST CENTURY -- 4. GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE THAT GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CO2-CO2 DOES NOT CAUSE GLOBAL WARMING -- 5. CO2 LAGS WARMING OVER SHORT TIME SPANS -- References -- 10 -- Is CO2 Mitigation Cost Effective? 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PROJECTED 21ST-CENTURY CO2-DRIVEN WARMING -- 3. METHOD -- 4. OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES -- 5. THE INTERTEMPORAL DISCOUNT RATE -- 6. WELFARE LOSS FROM INACTION -- 7. THE COST-BENEFIT RATIO -- 8. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES -- 8.1 Case Study 1: US Carbon-Trading Bill -- 8.2 Case Study 2: UK Climate Change Act -- 8.3 Case Study 3: European Union Carbon Trading -- 8.4 Case Study 4: California Cap and Trade -- 8.5 Case Study 5: Thanet Wind Array -- 8.6 Case Study 6: Australia Cuts Emissions 5% in 10 Years -- 8.7 Case Study 7: Oldbury Primary School Wind Turbine -- 8.8 Case Study 8: London Bicycle-Hire Scheme -- 9. RESULTS -- 10. DISCUSSION -- 11. CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- VI -- OCEANS -- 11 -- Relationship of Multidecadal Global Temperatures to Multidecadal Oceanic Oscillations -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION INDEX -- 2.1 Niño 3.4 Anomalies -- 3. MULTIVARIATE ENSO INDEX -- 4. THE PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION -- 5. FREQUENCY AND STRENGTH OF ENSO AND THE PDO -- 6. CORRELATION OF THE PDO AND GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST -- 7. ENSO VERSUS TEMPERATURES -- 8. THE ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION (AMO) -- 9. THE NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION, ARCTIC OSCILLATION, AND THE AMO -- 10. SYNCHRONIZED DANCE OF THE TELECONNECTIONS -- 11. USING WARM AND COLD POOLS IN OPERATIONAL SEASONAL FORECASTING -- 12. SHORT-TERM WARM/COOL CYCLES FROM THE GREENLAND ICE CORE -- 13. WHERE ARE WE HEADED DURING THE COMING CENTURY? -- 13.1 Predictions Based on Past Climate Patterns -- References -- 12 -- Sea Level Changes as Observed in Nature -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. "POSTER SITES" FOR LOBBYISTS -- 2.1 The Islands of Tuvalu -- 2.2 The Maldives -- 2.3 The Islands of Kiribati -- 2.4 Bangladesh -- 2.5 Goa, India -- 2.6 The "Poster Sites" Decoded -- 3. TEST AREAS OF EUSTATIC CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL -- 3.1 The Kattegatt Sea 3.2 The North Sea Coast -- 3.3 Venice -- 3.4 Connecticut -- 3.5 Guyana-Surinam -- 3.6 Fremantle, Australia -- 3.7 Qatar -- 3.8 Summary of Test Site Records -- 4. SATELLITE ALTIMETRY BEFORE "CORRECTIONS" -- 5. DISCUSSION -- 5.1 Setting Frames and Likelihoods for Sea Level at 2100 -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 13 -- Ocean "Acidification" Alarmism in Perspective -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE HISTORICAL RECORD OF CO2 AND TEMPERATURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE -- 3. THE ADAPTATION OF SPECIES TO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- 4. THE BUFFERING CAPACITY OF SEAWATER -- 5. THE ABILITY OF CALCIFYING SPECIES TO CONTROL THE BIOCHEMISTRY AT THE SITE OF CALCIFICATION -- 6. A WARMER OCEAN MAY EMIT CO2 BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE -- 7. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON EFFECT OF REDUCED PH ON CALCIFYING SPECIES -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- VII -- SOLAR INFLUENCES ON CLIMATE -- 14 -- Cause of Global Climate Changes: Correlation of Global Temperature, Sunspots, Solar Irradiance, Cosmic Rays, a ... -- 1. SOLAR VARIATION-GRAND MINIMA -- 1.1 Wolf Minimum (1290-1320 AD) -- 1.2 Sporer Minimum (1410-1540) -- 1.3 Maunder Minimum -- 1.3.1 Sunspots -- 1.3.2 Total Solar Irradiance -- 1.3.3 Temperature, Sunspots, and Total Solar Irradiance -- 1.4 Dalton Minimum -- 1.4.1 Sunspots -- 1.4.2 Total Solar Irradiance -- 1.4.3 Temperature and Total Solar Irradiance -- 1.5 1880-1915 Minimum -- 1.5.1 Sunspots -- 1.5.2 Total Solar Irradiance and Temperature -- 1.6 1945-1977 Minimum -- 1.6.1 Sunspots -- 1.6.2 Total Solar Irradiance and Temperature -- 2. RADIOCARBON (14C6) PRODUCTION RATES -- 3. BERYLIUM-10 (10BE4) PRODUCTION RATES -- 3.1 Berylium-10 (10Be) and Sunspots -- 3.2 Berylium-10 (10Be) Production and Temperature -- 4. COSMIC RAY INCIDENCE AND CLIMATE -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 15 -- Solar Changes and the Climate -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE EARTH-SUN CONNECTION Summary Evidence-Based Climate Science: Data Opposing CO2 Emissions as the Primary Source of Global Warming, Second Edition, includes updated data related to the causes of global climate change from experts in meteorology, geology, atmospheric physics, solar physics, geophysics, climatology, and computer modeling. This book objectively gathers and analyzes scientific data concerning patterns of past climate changes, influences of changes in ocean temperatures, the effect of solar variation on global climate, and the effect of CO2 on global climate. This analysis is then presented as counter-evidence to the theory that CO2 is the primary cause behind global warming. Increasingly, scientists are pointing to data which suggests that climate changes are a result of natural cycles, which have been occurring for thousands of years. Unfortunately, global warming has moved into the political realm without enough peer-reviewed research to fully validate and exclude other, more natural, causes of climate change. For example, there is an absence of any physical evidence that CO2 causes global warming, so the only argument for CO2 as the cause of warming rests entirely in computer modeling. Thus, the question becomes, how accurate are the computer models in predicting climate? What other variables could be missing from the models? In order to understand modern climate changes, we need to look at the past history of climate changes. Vast amounts of physical evidence of climate change over the past centuries and millennia have been gathered by scientists. Significant climate changes have clearly been going on for many thousands of years, long before the recent rise in atmospheric CO2 Evidence-Based Climate Science, Data Opposing CO2 Emissions as the Primary Source of Global Warming, Second Edition, documents past climate changes and presents physical evidence for possible causes Notes Includes index Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Online resource; title from PDF title page (ScienceDirect, viewed October 5, 2016) Subject Atmospheric carbon dioxide. Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric. Global warming. Climatic changes Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Climate Change global warming. climate change. SCIENCE -- Earth Sciences -- Geography. SCIENCE -- Earth Sciences -- Geology. Atmospheric carbon dioxide Climatic changes Global warming Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric Form Electronic book Author Easterbrook, Don J., 1935- editor. ISBN 9780128045893 0128045892

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