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Book Cover
E-book

Title Encyclopedia of modern China / David Pong, editor in chief
Published Farmington Hills, MI : Charles Scribner's Sons/Gale Cengage Learning, [2009]
©2009
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Description 1 online resource (4 volumes) : illustrations (some color), color maps
Series Gale virtual reference library
Gale virtual reference library.
Contents v. 1. A-E -- volume 2. F-M -- volume 3. N-T -- volume 4. U-Z, index
volume 1. List of Maps -- Introduction -- List of Articles -- List of Contributors -- Thematic Outline -- Major Chronological Periods -- Timeline -- Academia Sinica (Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan) -- Academies (Shuyuan) -- Acupuncture -- Adoptions -- African States, Relations With -- Agricultural Production -- Ai Qing (Ai Ch'ing) 1910-1996 -- All-China Women's Federation -- Anarchism -- Anhui -- Anti-Christian/Anti-Missionary Movements -- Anti-Japanese War, 1937-1945 -- Archaeology and Western Explorers -- Archaeology, History of -- Archaeology, Politics of -- Architecture, Historiography of, Since 1800 -- Architecture, History of -- Archives, Public -- Armaments -- Army and Politics -- Art Exhibitions Abroad -- Art Exhibitions, 1850-1949 -- Art Exhibitions Since 1949 -- Art History and Historiography -- Art in New Media -- Art Market, 1800-1949 -- Art Market Since 1949 -- Art Museums -- Art Schools and Colleges -- Art Societies Since 1800 -- Art, History of -- Art, Japanese Influence on -- Art, National Essence Movement in -- Art, Policy on, Since 1949 -- Art, Soviet Influence on -- Asean, Relations with -- Australia, Relations with -- Automobile Industry -- Avant-Garde Fiction -- Avian Influenza -- Ba Jin 1904-2005 -- Bai Hua 1930- -- Banking -- Baojia System -- Beggars -- Beijing -- Beiyang Clique -- Bingxin 1900-1999 -- Boxer Uprising -- Brands -- Buck, Pearl S. 1892-1973 -- Buddhism -- Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Contracts -- Cadre System -- Cai Guo-Qiang 1957- -- Calendar -- Calligraphy -- Can Xue 1953- -- Cantonese -- Cao Yu 1910-1996 -- Catholicism -- Censorship -- Central Asian States, Relations with -- Central Planning -- Central State Organs Since 1949 -- Central-Local Relationships -- Chang, Eileen (Zhang Ailing) 1920-1995 -- Chang Yu (Sanyu) 1901 -- 1966 -- Changsha -- Chen Duxiu 1879 -- 1942 -- Chen Kaige 1952 -- -- Chen Shuibian 1950 -- -- Chen Yun 1905 -- 1995 -- Chengdu -- Chiang Ching-kuo (Jiang Jingguo) 1910 -- 1988 -- Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) 1887 -- 1975 -- China Hands -- China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company -- China's Agenda 21 -- Chinese Maritime Customs Service -- Chinese Marxism -- Chinese Overseas -- Chinese Painting (Guohua) -- Chongqing -- Chu Anping 1909 -- 1966 -- City and Regional Planning -- Civil Society -- Civil War, 1946-1949 -- Cixi, Empress Dowager 1835 -- 1908 -- Classical Scholarship and Intellectual Debates -- Climate -- Clothing Since 1800 -- Codified Law, 1800-1949 -- Collections and Collecting -- Comintern in China -- Commercial Art -- Commercial Elite, 1800-1949 -- Communist Party -- Communist Party History Revised (1981) -- Communist Thought in China, Origins of -- Communist Youth League -- Community Care -- Companies -- Comprador -- Confucianism -- Connoisseurship -- Constitutionalism -- Constitutions Before 1949 -- Constitutions Since 1949 -- Consumption and Consumer Cultures -- Copper and Silver, 1800-1950 -- Corruption -- Cosmology -- Cui Jian 1961 -- -- Cultural Policy -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Customary Law, 1800-1949 -- Dalai Lama -- Dalian -- Dance -- Daoism -- Death Penalty Since 1800 -- Defense, 1800-1912 -- Democracy Wall -- Democratic Ideas, Reforms, and Experiments Since the 1880s -- Democratic Parties -- Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997 -- Desertification -- Dialect Groups -- Ding Ling 1904-1986 -- Dissidents -- Domestic Trade -- Domestic Violence -- Drugs and Narcotics -- Earthquakes Since 1800 -- East Central European States, Relations with -- East India Company, 1800-1834 -- Economic Development -- Economic Reform Since 1978 -- Education -- Education Through Labor, Reform Through Labor -- Elections and Assemblies, 1909-1949 -- Emperors, 1800-1912 -- Employees' Health Insurance -- Encyclopedias -- Endangered Species, Protection of -- Energy -- Entrepreneurs Since 1949 -- Environment -- Epidemics -- Epigraphic School of Art -- European Union, Relations with -- Examination System, 1800-1905 -- Extraterritoriality
volume 2. Falun Gong -- Family -- Famine Since 1800 -- Fan Changjiang 1909-1970 -- Fang Lizhi 1936- -- Fascism -- Fashion -- Federalism -- Federation of Literary and Art Circles -- Feng Guifen 1809-1874 -- Feng Xiaogang 1958- -- Feng Zikai 1898-1975 -- Fengshui -- Festivals -- Filial Piety -- Film Industry -- Financial Markets -- Financial Regulation -- Five-Year Plans -- Folk Art -- Food Since 1800 -- Footbinding -- Forbidden City -- Foreign Concessions, Settlements, and Leased Territories -- Foreign Currency Reserves -- Foreign Investment, 1800-1949 -- Foreign Investment Since 1949 -- Foreign Loans, 1800-1949 -- Foreign Policy Frameworks and Theories -- Foreign Trade, 1800-1950 -- Foreign Trade Since 1950 -- Four Modernizations -- France, Relations with -- Fujian -- Furniture -- Fuzhou -- Games and Play -- Gansu -- Gao Xingjian 1940- -- Gardens and Parks -- Ge Gongzhen 1890-1935 -- Gender Relations -- Geographical Regions, Natural and Human -- Germany, Relations with -- Giquel, Prosper 1835-1886 -- Gong Zizhen 1792-1841 -- Gordon, Charles 1833-1885 -- Government Administration, 1800-1912 -- Government Administration, 1912-1949 -- Government-Organized Nongovernmental Organization -- Gramophone and Gramophone Records -- Grand Canal -- Great Depression -- Gu Hua 1942- -- Gu Wenda 1955- -- Guangdong -- Guangxi -- Guangzhou (Canton) -- Guizhou -- Guo Moruo 1892-1978 -- Hainan -- Hairstyles -- Hakka -- Handicrafts -- Hangzhou -- Harbin -- Harmonious Society -- Hart, Robert 1835-1911 -- Health Care, 1800-1949 -- Heavy Industry -- Hebei -- Heilongjiang -- Henan -- Heritage Protection -- High Technology -- History -- HIV/AIDS -- Hokkien (MIN) -- Homosexuality -- Hong Kong -- Household Registration -- Household Responsibility System (Baogan Daohu) -- Housing -- Hu Die 1908-1989 -- Hu Feng 1902-1985 -- Hu Jintao 1942- -- Hu Shi 1891-1962 -- Hu Yaobang 1915-1989 -- Hua Guofeng 1921-2008 -- Huang Binhong 1865-1955 -- Huizhou -- Human Rights Since 1949 -- Hunan and Hubei -- Hundred Days' Reform -- Hundred Flowers Campaign -- Hutong -- Identification and Belonging -- Identity, Chinese -- Illiteracy -- Imperial Household Department -- Imperial Palaces -- Imperialism -- Income -- India, Relations with -- Individual and the State, 1800-1949 -- Industrial Development Since 1949 -- Industrial Policy Since 1949 -- Industrialization, 1860-1949 -- Influences Abroad -- Inner Mongolia -- Inspection and Audit -- Internal Migration and Internal Colonization Since 1800 -- International Development AID -- International Development Programs in China -- International Organizations, Relations with, 1900-1949 -- International Organizations, Relations with, Since 1949 -- International Relations -- International Students -- Internet -- Interpreters of Things Chinese to the West -- Irrigation and Management of Water Resources -- Islam -- Japan, Relations with -- Jewish Communities and Refugees -- Jia Pingwa 1952- -- Jiang Zemin 1926- -- Jiangsu -- Jiangxi -- Jilin -- Jinan -- Journalism -- Kang Youwei 1858-1927 -- Kaohsiung (Gaoxiong) -- Korea, Relations with (North and South) -- Korean Community in China -- Korean War, 1950-1953 -- Labor -- Land Tenure Since 1800 -- Land Use, History of -- Language and Language Policy -- Lao She 1899-1966 -- Latin American States, Relations with -- Law Courts, 1800-1949 -- Law on the Protection of Women and Children -- Law Since 1949 -- League of Left-Wing Writers -- Lee, Ang 1954- -- Legal Training and the Legal Profession, 1800-1949 -- Legge, James 1815-1897 -- Leisure -- Leisure and Culture for the Elderly -- Lexicography -- Li Denghui (Lee Teng-Hui) 1923- -- Li Hongzhang 1823-1901 -- Li Hua 907-1994 -- Li Keran 1907-1989 -- Li Rui 1917- -- Li Xianglan 1920- -- Liang Qichao 1873-1929 -- Liang Sicheng 1901-1972 -- Liaoning -- Liberalism -- Libraries, Origins and Early Development of -- Life Cycle -- Lin Biao 1907-1971 -- Lin Fengmian 1900-1991 -- Lin Huiyin 1904-1955 -- Lin Yutang 1895-1976 -- Lin Zexu 1785-1850 -- Lineage -- Ling Shuhua 1904-1990 -- Lingnan School of Painting -- Literary Societies -- Literati Painting (Wenrenhua) -- Literature of National Defense -- Literature Since 1800 -- Lithographic and Modern Printing -- Little, Alicia 1845-1926 -- Liu Binyan 1925-2005 -- Liu Guosong (Liu Kuo-Sung) 1932- -- Liu Haisu 1896-1994 -- Liu Hongsheng 1888-1956 -- Liu Shaoqi 1898-1969 -- Liu Xiaobo 1955- -- Liuqiu Islands -- Local Gazetteers -- Locust Plagues Since 1800 -- Long March -- Love and Friendship -- Lu Xun 1881-1936 -- Lu Zuofu 1893-1952 -- Luo Gongliu 1916-2004 -- Ma, Yo-Yo 1955- -- Macau -- Major, Ernest 1841-1908 -- Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) -- Manchuria -- Mandarin Duck and Butterfly Literature -- Mao Dun 1896-1981 -- Mao Zedong 1893-1976 -- Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 1937 -- Margary Affair, 1875-1876 -- Marriage -- Marriage Laws -- May Fourth Movement -- Medical Care Since 1949 -- Medicine, Traditional -- Medicine, Western, 1800-1949 -- Medicine, Western, Since 1949 -- Mei Lanfang 1894-1961 -- Miao Uprisings -- Microfinancing -- Middle Eastern States, Relations with -- Migrant Workers -- Militarism -- Military, 1912-1949 -- Military Culture and Tradition -- Militia -- Mines and Metallurgy, 1800-1949 -- Minority Nationalities -- Missionaries -- Mo Yan 1955- -- Model Operas and Ballets -- Modernist Art of the 1920s and 1930s -- Money and Banking, 1800-1949 -- Money and Monetary Policy, 1800-1927 -- Mongolia, People's Republic of, Relations with -- Monuments -- Morality -- Morrison, George E. 1862-1920 -- Morrison, Robert 1782-1834 -- Most-Favored-Nation Treatment -- Museums -- Music, Impact in the West -- Music, Popular -- Music, Propaganda, and Mass Mobilization -- Music, Western and Russian Influence on -- Muslim Uprisings
volume 3. Nanjing (Nanking) -- Nanjing Massacre -- National Flags and National Anthems -- National Products Movement -- Nationalism -- Nationalist Government, 1927-1949 -- Nationalist Party -- Natural Resources -- Nepotism and Guanxi -- New Democracy, 1949-1953 -- New Left -- New Print Movement -- New Wave Movement, '85 -- New Year's Movies -- Newspapers -- Nian Uprising -- Ningbo (Ningpo) -- Ningxia -- Northern Expedition -- Oil Painting (Youhua) -- Olympics -- Olympics, 2008 Beijing Olympic Games -- Opium, 1800-1950 -- Opium Wars -- Pakistan, Relations With -- Pan Tianshou 1897-1971 -- Pan Yuliang 1895-1977 -- Pan-Asianism -- Pang Xunqin 1906-1985 -- Parsis -- Peace Settlement After World War II -- Peasantry, 1800-1900 -- Peasantry Since 1900 -- Peasants -- PEI, I.M. 1917- -- Peking Opera and Regional Operas -- Penal Systems, 1800-1949 -- Penal Systems Since 1949 -- Peng Dehuai 1898-1974 -- People's Liberation Army -- Personality Cults -- Photography, History of -- Physical Education -- Pictorial Magazines Since 1880 -- Piracy, Maritime -- Plays (Huaju) -- Poetry -- Police, 1800-1949 -- Police, Secret -- Political Control Since 1949 -- Political Culture 1800-1900 -- Political Culture Since 1900 -- Political Parties, 1905-1949 -- Political Pop and Cynical Realism -- Political Representation -- Political Succession -- Popular Religion -- Population Policy -- Poverty -- Price System -- Privacy -- Private Enterprises -- Prodemocracy Movement (1989) -- Propaganda -- Propaganda Art -- Prostitution, History of -- Protestantism -- Provincial and Subprovincial Government Structure Since 1949 -- Public Finance Since 1900 -- Publishing Industry -- Qian Zhongshu 1910-1998 -- Qigong -- Qing Dynasty in 1800 -- Qing Restoration -- Qingdao -- Qinghai -- Qiu Jin 1875-1907 -- Radio -- Rape -- Red Guards -- Reform Under the Qing Dynasty, 1800-1912 -- Regionalism -- Religious Organizations -- Religious Policy -- Religious Specialists Since 1800 -- Ren Xiong 1823-1857 -- Ren Yi (Ren Bonian) 1840-1895 -- Research in Engineering -- Research in the Sciences -- Research Organizations -- Revolution of 1911 -- Richard, Timothy 1845-1919 -- Rights Defense Movement -- River Systems -- Rong Zongjing 1873-1938 -- Root-Searching Literature -- Ruan Lingyu 1910-1935 -- Ruan Yuan 1764-1849 -- Rural Cooperative Medical Systems -- Rural Development, 1949-1978 -- Rural Development Since 1978 -- Russia, Relations with -- Russian Émigrés -- Rustic Realism in Art -- Sai Jinhua 1874-1936 -- Salt, 1800-1949 -- Scar (Wound) Art -- Scar (Wound) Literature -- Science and Technology Policy -- Scientific Community -- Scientific Exchanges -- Scramble for Concessions -- Sculpture and Public Art -- Secret Societies -- Sent-Down Educated Youth -- Service Sector (Tertiary Industry) -- Servile Statuses -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -- Sex Education -- Sex Ratio -- Sexual Dysfunction -- Sexuality -- Shaanxi -- Shandong -- Shanghai -- Shanghai Mixed Court -- Shanghai School of Painting -- Shanxi -- Shao Xunmei 1906-1968 -- Shen Baozhen 1820-1879 -- Shen Congwen 1902-1988 -- Shenyang -- Shops -- Sichuan -- Silk Since 1800 -- Sincere Department Stores -- Sino-French War, 1884-1885 -- Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895 -- Sinology -- Sino-Soviet Schism -- Smuggling -- Snow, Edgar 1905-1972 -- Social and Community Organizations -- Social Classes Before 1949 -- Social Classes Since 1978 -- Social Policy Programs -- Social Rituals -- Social Sciences -- Social Welfare -- Socialism -- Socialist Market Economy -- Socialist Realism in Art -- Socialization and Pedagogy -- Socioeconomic Indicators -- Song Qingling -- Song Ziwen (T.V. Soong) -- South China Sea -- Southeast Asian States, Relations With -- Space Program -- Special Administrative Regions -- Special Economic Zones -- Sports -- Sports Figures -- Standard of Living -- Stars (Xingxing) Painting Group, 1979-1983 -- State Cult -- State-Owned Enterprises -- Statistics -- Stilwell, Joseph -- Strikes -- Student Organizations and Activism, 1900-1949 -- Study Abroad -- Sun Daolin -- Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) -- Suzhou -- Taibei (Taipei) -- Taiping Uprising -- Taiwan, Republic of China -- Tan Dun -- Taxation and Fiscal Policies, 1800-1912 -- Taxation Since 1978 -- Tea Since 1800 -- Teacher Education -- Television -- Textiles -- Three Principles of the People (Sanmin Zhuyi) -- Three-Self Patriotic Movement -- Tiananmen Incident (1976) -- Tianjin (Tientsin) -- Tibet -- Tourism -- Township and Village Enterprises -- Transition Economy -- Translation of Foreign Literature -- Transport Infrastructure -- Transsexuality and Sex-Change Operations -- Treaty Ports -- Trotskyism
volume 4. Unit (Danwei) -- United Front Work -- United Kingdom, Relations with -- United States, Relations with -- Urban China -- Urban Employment to 1949 -- Urban Employment and Unemployment Since 1949 -- Vietnam, Relations with -- Villages Since 1800 -- Vocational Education -- Wade, Thomas 1818-1895 -- Waley, Arthur 1889-1966 -- Wang Anyi 1954- -- Wang Guowei 1877-1927 -- Wang Jingwei 1883-1944 -- Wang Meng 1934- -- Wang Shiwei 1906-1947 -- Wang Shuo 1958- -- Wang Zhen (Wang Yiting) 1867-1938 -- War Crimes -- Warlord Era (1916-1928) -- Wars and the Military, 1800-1912 -- Wars Since 1800 -- Wei Yuan 1794-1857 -- Weights and Measures -- Wen Jiabao 1942- -- Wenzhou -- Westernization -- White Lotus -- Wing on Department Stores -- Women, Employment of -- Women, Status of -- Women in Politics -- Women in the Visual Arts -- Woodblock Printing (Xylography) -- Workers, Industrial, 1860-1949 -- Wu Changshi (Wu Junqing) 1844-1927 -- Wu Hufan 1894-1968 -- Wu Shujuan (Wu Xingfen) 1853-1930 -- Wuhan -- Xi'an -- Xiafang -- Xiamen (Amoy) -- Xiao Qian (Xiao Bingqian) 1910-1999 -- Xie Jin 1923-2008 -- Xinjiang -- Xu Beihong 1895-1953 -- Xu Bing 1955- -- Xu Zhimo 1897-1931 -- Yan Fu 1853-1921 -- Yan'an -- Yan'an Forum -- Yang Mo (Yang Chengye) 1914-1996 -- Yang Zhenning 1922- -- Yangzhou -- Youth -- Yu Dafu 1896-1945 -- Yu Hua 1960- -- Yuan Shikai 1859-1916 -- Yunnan -- Zeng Guofan 1811-1872 -- Zhang Daqian (Chang Dai-Chien) 1899-1983 -- Zhang Jian 1853-1926 -- Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang) 1887-1969 -- Zhang Yimou 1950- -- Zhang Zhidong 1837-1909 -- Zhao Dan 1915-1980 -- Zhao Shuli 1906-1970 -- Zhao Ziyang 1919-2005 -- Zhejiang -- Zhongguo -- Zhou Enlai 1898-1976 -- Zhou Xuan 1918-1957 -- Zhou Yang 1908-1989 -- Zhu De 1886-1976 -- Zhu Rongji 1928- -- Zhu Ziqing (Zhu Zihua) 1899?-1948 -- Zuo Zongtang 1812-1885 -- Appendixes -- Tables: International Relations, Treaties -- Primary Sources -- Bibliography -- Conversion Tables, Chinese Romanization -- Glossary of Chinese Characters -- Index
Summary Provides critical information on the most populous country and most dynamic trade market in the world: the people, politics, economics, religion, philosophy, traditions, art, and literature of this ancient and enduring civilization are explored from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day
Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index
Notes Dartmouth Medal (nominated), 2010
Print version record
Subject Civilization.
HISTORY -- Asia -- China.
SUBJECT China -- Civilization -- 1644-1912 -- Encyclopedias
China -- Civilization -- 1912-1949 -- Encyclopedias
China -- Civilization -- 1949- -- Encyclopedias
Subject China.
Genre/Form Encyclopedias.
Form Electronic book
Author Pong, David, 1939-
ISBN 0684315718
0684325373
9780684315713
9780684325378