| Description |
xvi, 307 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 27 cm |
| Contents |
Contents note continued: 1.3.The Hydrologic Cycle -- 1.4.Classification of Waters -- 1.4.1.Natural Waters -- 1.4.2.Artificial Waters -- 1.5.Global Distribution of Water on Earth and Its Study -- References -- 2.Peculiarities of Water as an Environmental Habitat for Microorganisms -- 2.1.The Peculiar Nature of Water as an Environment for Microbial Habitation -- 2.2.Ecological Habitats of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments -- 2.3.Foreign Versus Indigenous Aquatic Bacteria -- 2.4.Challenges of Aquatic Life: Factors Affecting the Microbial Population in Natural Waters -- 2.5.Methods for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment -- 2.5.1.Cultural Methods -- 2.5.2.Direct Methods -- 2.5.2.1.Light Microscopy -- 2.5.2.2.Electron Microscopy -- 2.5.2.3.Flow Cytometry -- 2.5.3.Determination of Bacterial Mass -- 2.5.3.1.Direct Methods -- 2.5.3.2.Indirect Methods -- References -- pt. II Biological Aspects of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments -- |
|
Contents note continued: 10.4.Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- 10.4.1.Methods Used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- 11.The Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes -- 11.1.The Nature of Wastes in General -- 11.2.The World-Wide Development of Interest in the Environment -- 11.2.1.The Stockholm Conference, 1972: Beginning of World-Wide Interest in the Protection of the Environment -- 11.2.2.Environmental Regulation in the European Union -- 11.2.3.Environmental Regulations in Japan -- 11.2.4.Governmental Regulation of the Environment in Ghana -- 11.2.5.Egypt's Environmental Affairs Agency -- 11.3.Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes -- 11.3.1.Integrated Solid Waste Management -- 11.3.1.1.Source Reduction -- 11.3.1.2.Recycling -- 11.3.1.3.Incineration with Energy Recovery -- 11.3.1.4.Composting -- 11.3.1.5.Landfills Used in the Disposal of MSW -- 11.4.Anaerobic Breakdown of Organic Matter in Landfills (and Aquatic Sediments) -- 11.4.1.Some Properties of Methanogens -- 11.4.2.Landfill Gas -- |
|
Contents note continued: 11.4.2.1.Landfill Methane Capture Technology -- 11.5.Options for Municipal Solid Wastes Management -- References |
|
Contents note continued: 3.Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Microorganisms of Relevance to the Aquatic Environment -- 3.1.Protein Synthesis -- 3.1.1.Transcription -- 3.1.2.Translation -- 3.2.The Polymerase Chain Reaction -- 3.2.1.Some Applications of PCR in Environmental Biotechnology -- 3.3.Microarrays -- 3.3.1.Applications of Microarray Technology -- 3.4.Sequencing of DNA -- 3.4.1.Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments -- 3.4.2.Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments -- 3.4.2.1.Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes -- 3.4.2.2.Use of the Shotgun Approach -- 3.5.The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes -- 3.6.Metagenomics -- References -- 4.Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms -- 4.1.Taxonomy of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments -- 4.1.1.Nature of Modern Taxonomy -- 4.1.2.Evolution of the Classification of Living Things -- 4.1.3.Determining Taxonomic Groups Within Domains -- 4.1.3.1.Definition of Species -- |
|
Contents note continued: 4.1.3.2.Nomenclature of Biological Objects -- 4.1.3.3.Criteria and Methods for the Identification and Classification of Bacteria and Archae: Morphological, Physiological, Nucleic Acid, and Chemical Properties -- 4.1.4.Bacteria -- 4.1.4.1.Taxonomic Groups Among Bacteria -- 4.1.4.2.Aspects of the Physiology and Ecology of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment -- 4.1.5.Archae -- 4.1.5.1.General Properties of Archaea -- 4.1.5.2.Taxonomic Groups Among Archeae -- 4.1.6.Microbial Taxonomic Groups Among Eucharia -- 4.1.6.1.Protozoa -- 4.1.6.2.Fungi -- 4.1.6.3.Algae -- 4.1.7.Viruses -- 4.1.7.1.Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature -- 4.1.7.2.The Viral Groups -- 4.1.7.3.Bacteriophages in the Aquatic Environment -- 4.1.8.Small Multicellular Macroorganisms in Aquatic Systems -- 4.1.8.1.Crustaceans (Including Rotifers) -- 4.1.8.2.Nematodes -- References -- pt. III The Ecology of Microorganisms in Natural Waters -- 5.Ecology of Microorganisms in Freshwater -- |
|
Contents note continued: 5.1.Microbial Ecology of Atmospheric Waters -- 5.2.Microbial Ecology of Surface Waters -- 5.2.1.Rivers and Streams -- 5.2.2.Lakes and Ponds -- 5.2.3.Wetlands -- 5.3.Groundwaters -- 5.4.Some Microorganisms Usually Encountered in Fresh Water -- 5.4.1.Bacteria -- 5.4.1.1.New Data Regarding Freshwater Bacteria -- 5.4.1.2.Some Bacteria in Freshwater -- 5.4.2.Fungi -- 5.4.3.Algae -- 5.4.4.Protozoa -- 5.5.Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown Materials Added to Aquatic Systems -- 5.5.1.The Physiological Basis of Aquatic Microbial Ecology -- 5.6.Microbial Loop and the Food Web in a Freshwater System -- References -- 6.Ecology of Microorganisms in Saline Waters (Seas and Oceans) -- 6.1.The Ocean Environment -- 6.2.Some Propertics of Sea Water -- 6.2.1.Salinity -- 6.2.2.Temperature -- 6.2.3.Light -- 6.2.4.Nutrients -- 6.2.5.Oxygen and CO2 in the Marine Environment -- 6.2.6.Sea Sediments -- 6.3.Microbial Ecology of the Seas and Oceans -- 6.3.1.Bacteria -- |
|
Contents note continued: 6.3.2.Archae -- 6.3.3.Fungi -- 6.3.4.Algae -- 6.3.5.Protozoa -- 6.3.6.Viruses -- 6.3.7.Plankton -- 6.4.Unique Aspects of the Existence of Microorganisms in the Marine Environment -- 6.4.1.Low Temperature -- 6.4.2.High Pressure -- 6.4.3.Oxygen -- 6.4.4.Food/Nutrients -- 6.4.5.Light -- 6.4.6.High Temperature -- 6.4.7.Size in Marine Microorganisms -- 6.5.The Place of Microorganisms in the Food Chains of the Oceans and Seas -- 6.6.Marine Microorganisms and Their Influence on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling -- 6.6.1.The Influence of Marine Microorganisms on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling -- 6.6.1.1.Global Marine Algal Sulfur Recycling, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Dimethyl Sulfide and Climate Change -- 6.6.1.2.Carbon Recycling by Marine Algae and Reduction of Global Warming -- 6.6.1.3.Marine Microorganisms and the Nitrogen Economy of Seas and Oceans -- |
|
Contents note continued: 6.6.1.4.The Global C:N:P Marine Ratio and Its Maintenance Through Microbial Activity: The Redfield Ratio -- References -- pt. IV Pollution and Purification of, and Disease Transmission in, Water -- 7.Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication, Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills -- 7.1.Nature of Pollution -- 7.1.1.The Concept of the Self-purification of Water as Basis for the Understanding of Pollution -- 7.1.2.Definition of Pollution -- 7.1.3.Kinds of Pollutants -- 7.1.4.Pollution by Eutrophication -- 7.1.4.1."Algal Blooms" and Eutrophication -- 7.1.5.Biological Indicators of Pollution by Eutrophication -- 7.2.Pollution of Water with Reference to Human Health: Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution -- 7.2.1.Microbiological Examination of Water for Fecal Contamination -- 7.2.1.1.Principle of Indicator Organisms -- 7.2.1.2.Procedure for the Determination of Fecal Contamination -- |
|
Contents note continued: 7.2.1.3.Methods Used in the Enumeration of Indicator Organisms in Water -- 7.2.1.4.Standard Water Analysis -- 7.2.1.5.Total Maximum Daily Loads and Microbial Source Tracking in Water Pollution -- 7.3.Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation -- 7.3.1.Composition of Crude Oil -- 7.3.1.1.Categorization of Crude Petroleum -- 7.3.2.Oil Spills -- 7.3.2.1.Behavior of Oil in an Oil Spill -- 7.3.2.2.Remediation of Oil Spills -- References -- 8.Disease Transmission in Water -- 8.1.Disease Transmission Through Drinking Water -- 8.1.1.Communicable Diseases Transmitted Through Drinking Water -- 8.1.2.Disease Outbreaks in Drinking Water Due to the Presence of Chemicals, and Biotoxins -- 8.1.2.1.Brief Notes on Some Water-Borne Diseases -- 8.2.Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters -- 8.2.1.Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters Through Fecal Material -- |
|
Contents note continued: 8.2.1.1.Fecal Bacteria Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters -- 8.2.1.2.Fecal Protozoa Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters -- 8.2.1.3.Fecal Viruses Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters -- 8.2.2.Disease Transmission in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material -- 8.2.2.1.Disease Transmission by Bacteria in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material -- 8.2.2.2.Disease Transmission by Viruses in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material -- 8.2.2.3.Disease Transmission by Protozoa in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material -- 8.2.2.4.Disease Transmission by Fungi in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material: Trichophyton spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum -- 8.3.Disease Transmission Through Shellfish Growing in Fecally Contaminated Water -- 8.3.1.Description of Shellfish -- 8.3.2.Monitoring the Aquatic Environment of Shellfish Growth -- |
|
Contents note continued: 8.3.2.1.Procedure for Monitoring Shellfish Growing Areas in the US -- 8.4.Recent Developments Regarding Knowledge of Pathogens in Drinking Water -- References -- 9.Municipal Purification of Water -- 9.1.The Need for Water Purification -- 9.2.The Quality of the Raw Water to Be Purified -- 9.3.Processes for the Municipal Purification of Water -- 9.3.1.Pretreatments -- 9.3.2.Storage and Sedimentation Without Coagulation -- 9.3.3.Aeration -- 9.3.4.Coagulation and Flocculation -- 9.3.5.Sedimentation -- 9.3.6.Filtration -- 9.3.7.Chlorination (and Other Methods of) Disinfection -- 9.3.7.1.Reactions of Chlorine with Chemicals Found in Water -- 9.3.7.2.The Present Practice of Water Chlorination -- 9.3.7.3.Mode of Action of Chlorine Disinfection -- 9.3.7.4.Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Disinfection in Water by Chlorine (and the other Halogens) -- 9.3.7.5.Tests for Chlorine in Water -- |
|
Contents note continued: 9.3.7.6.Alternative Methods of Disinfection Besides Chlorine and Other Halogens -- 9.3.7.7.Ozone -- 9.3.8.Ultraviolet Light -- 9.3.8.1.Mode of Action and Use of UV -- 9.3.9.Iron and Manganese Control -- 9.3.10.Softening of Water -- 9.3.11.Fluoridation -- 9.3.12.Algae Control (and Control of Taste and Odors) -- 9.3.12.1.Methods for the Control of Algae and Taste and Odor -- 9.3.13.Color and Turbidity Removal -- 9.3.14.Miscellaneous Treatments Water Purification -- 9.3.14.1.Plumbosolvency Removal -- 9.3.14.2.Radium (Radioactivity) Removal -- 9.3.14.3.Reverse Osmosis -- 9.3.14.4.Ion Exchange -- 9.3.14.5.Electrodeionization -- 9.4.Purification of Bottled Water -- 9.5.Standards Required of Water -- 9.5.1.Standards Required for Drinking Water -- 9.5.1.1.The Microbiological Standards -- 9.5.1.2.Turbidity -- 9.5.1.3.Chemical Standards -- 9.5.2.Standards Required for Recreational Waters -- 9.5.3.Standards Required for Shellfish Harvesting Waters -- References -- |
|
Contents note continued: pt. V Waste Disposal in Aquatic and Solid Media -- 10.Waste Disposal in the Aqueous Medium: Sewage Disposal -- 10.1.Nature of Wastes -- 10.2.Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Sewage and Wastewaters -- 10.2.1.Determination of Dissolved Oxygen -- 10.2.1.1.The Biological or Biochemical Oxygen Demand Test -- 10.2.1.2.Permanganate Value Test -- 10.2.1.3.Chemical Oxygen Demand -- 10.2.1.4.Total Organic Carbon -- 10.2.1.5.Total Suspended Solids -- 10.2.1.6.Volatile Suspended Solids -- 10.3.Systems for the Treatment of Sewage -- 10.3.1.Aerobic Breakdown of Raw Waste Waters -- 10.3.1.1.The Activated Sludge System -- 10.3.1.2.The Trickling Filter -- 10.3.1.3.Rotating Discs -- 10.3.1.4.Oxidation Ponds -- 10.3.2.Anaerobic Sewage Systems -- 10.3.2.1.Treatment of the Sludge from Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge -- 10.3.2.2.The Septic Tank -- 10.3.2.3.The Imhoff Tank -- 10.3.2.4.Cesspools -- |
|
Machine generated contents note: pt. I Introduction -- 1.Nature, Properties, and Distribution of Water -- 1.1.Physical and Chemical Properties of Water and Their Consequences -- 1.1.1.Molecular Structure of Water and Its Strong Surface Tension -- 1.1.2.The High Surface Tension of Water and Capillarity in Plants -- 1.1.3.The Three Physical States of Water, and the Floatation of Ice -- 1.1.4.The Thermal Properties of Water and Their Effect on Climate -- 1.1.5.The Change in the Nature of Water at Different Temperatures and Lake Temperatures -- 1.1.6.The Low Electrical Conductivity of Pure Water -- 1.1.7.The High Chemical Reactiveness of Water -- 1.1.8.The pH of Water -- 1.1.9.The High Solvent Power of Water -- 1.2.Importance and Uses of Water -- 1.2.1.Composition of Biological Objects -- 1.2.2.Drinking by Man and Animals and Domestic Use -- 1.2.3.Irrigation and Aquaculture -- 1.2.4.Power Generation -- 1.2.5.Transportation -- 1.2.6.Recreation -- 1.2.7.Human Affairs -- |
| Summary |
This book seeks to place the main actors in matters of environmental microbiology, namely the microorganisms, on center stage. Using the modern approach of 16S ribosomal RNA, the book looks, in great detail, at the taxonomy of marine and freshwater bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and the smaller aquatic animals such as nematodes and rotifers, as well as at the study of unculturable aquatic microorganisms (metagenomics). The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, and the influence of aquatic microorganisms on global climate and global recycling of nitrogen and sulphur are also examined. The pollution of water is explored in the context of self-purification of natural waters. Modern municipal water purification and disease transmission through water are discussed. Alternative methods for solid waste disposal are related to the economic capability of a society. Viruses are given special attention because, until recently, it was thought they were not important in aquatic environments. The modern understanding is that they are not only abundant, but play a crucial role in the sustenance of the various components of the biological ecosystem in aquatic environments. The book will be useful to a wide range of undergraduate and¡graduate students, as well as relevant practitioners¡in microbiology, general biology, environmental science, public health and civil (sanitary) engineering |
| Notes |
Formerly CIP. Uk |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Print version record |
| Subject |
Freshwater microbiology.
|
|
Marine microbiology.
|
|
Marine pollution.
|
|
Microbial ecology.
|
|
Sewage -- Microbiology.
|
|
Water -- Microbiology.
|
|
Water -- Pollution.
|
| LC no. |
2011930674 |
| ISBN |
9400714599 (hbk.) |
|
9789400714595 (hbk.) |
|
(ebook) |
|
