The atmosphere and climate of Mars / [edited by] Robert M. Haberle, NASA-Ames Research Center, R. Todd Clancy, Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado, François Forget, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, Michael D. Smith, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Richard W. Zurek, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Cover; Half-title; Series information; Title page; Copyright information; Dedication; Table of contents; List of contributors; General Acknowledgments; 1 Introduction; References; 2 Understanding Mars and Its Atmosphere; 2.1 In the Beginning; 2.2 1962-1972: A Decade of Change With the First Wave of Spacecraft Exploration; 2.3 Viking: the Second Wave of Spacecraft Exploration of Mars; 2.4 The Third Wave of Spacecraft Exploration of Mars; 2.5 Mars Atmospheric Phenomena: Where Are We Now?; 2.5.1 Early Mars; 2.5.2 Middle Mars; 2.5.3 Modern Mars: the Present Atmosphere
2.6 Basic Parameters and Nomenclature2.6.1 Temperature; 2.6.2 Clouds; 2.6.3 Dust Storms and Mars Years; 2.7 Summary; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; References; 3 History of Mars Atmosphere Observations; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Pre-Viking Observations; 3.3 Viking and Post-Viking Years; 3.3.1 Viking Orbiters; 3.3.2 Viking Landers; 3.3.3 Phobos 2; 3.3.4 Hubble Space Telescope; 3.4 Ground-Based Spectroscopy; 3.5 Orbiters; 3.5.1 Mars Global Surveyor; 3.5.2 Mars Odyssey; 3.5.3 Mars Express; 3.5.4 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; 3.5.4.1 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution; 3.6 Landers and Rovers
3.6.1 Mars Pathfinder3.6.2 Mars Exploration Rovers; 3.6.3 Phoenix; 3.6.4 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL); 3.6.5 Descent Profiles; 3.7 Looking to the Future; References; 4 Thermal Structure and Composition; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Thermal Structure; 4.2.1 Overview of Mars Atmosphere Thermal Structure; 4.2.2 Available Observations; 4.2.2.1 Thermal Infrared Sounding; 4.2.2.2 Radio Occultation Observations; 4.2.2.3 Stellar Occultation Observations; 4.2.2.4 Entry Profiles and Aerobraking; 4.2.2.5 Observations From the Surface of Mars; 4.2.3 Observed Thermal Structure
4.2.3.1 Lower Atmosphere Thermal Structure4.2.3.2 Middle Atmosphere Thermal Structure; 4.2.3.3 Global Mean and Extreme Temperatures; 4.2.3.4 Diurnal Variations and Tides; 4.2.3.5 Inter-Annual Variations; 4.3 Composition; 4.3.1 Surface Pressure; 4.3.2 Nitrogen; 4.3.3 Argon; 4.3.4 Oxygen; 4.3.5 Carbon Monoxide; 4.3.6 Ozone; 4.3.7 Hydrogen Peroxide; 4.3.8 Hydrogen; 4.3.9 Nitrogen Monoxide; 4.3.10 Methane; 4.3.11 Upper Limits of Other Trace Species; 4.3.12 Isotopic Ratios; 4.3.12.1 Carbon and Oxygen; 4.3.12.2 Nitrogen and Noble Gases; 4.3.12.3 Hydrogen; 4.4 Reference Atmosphere
4.4.1 Standard Mars Atmosphere4.4.2 Mars-GRAM; 4.4.3 Mars Climate Database; 4.5 Summary and Future Issues; Acknowledgments; References; 5 Mars Clouds; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Specific Cloud Morphologies and Occurrences; 5.3 The Global-Scale Distribution of Mars Water Ice Clouds; 5.3.1 Aphelion Cloud Belt; 5.3.2 Polar Hoods; 5.3.3 High-Altitude Hazes; 5.3.4 Inter-Annual Variability; 5.4 Water Ice Clouds in the Lower Boundary Layer: Phoenix LIDAR Observations; 5.5 Physical and Radiative Properties of Mars Water and CO2 Ice Clouds; 5.5.1 Cloud Physical Properties; 5.5.2 Cloud Radiative Properties
Summary
This volume reviews all aspects of Mars atmospheric science from the surface to space, and from now and into the past
