Executive Summary -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Agreements under the World Trade Organization and International Standards -- 1.3 The Rationale for and Categorization of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures -- 1.4. Strategic Reform in Liberalizing Agricultural Trade -- 1.5. Measuring Border Management Performance -- 2. Assessment of the CAREC Region -- 2.1. Regulatory Assessment -- 2.2. Assessment of Laboratory Capacity -- 2.3. Assessment of Border Services Management -- 3. Conclusion and Action Plan for Modernizing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in CAREC Countries -- References -- Appendixes: 1. Requirements of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Laboratories; 2. Animal Diseases of Importance to CAREC Trade